Advanced grammar, punctuation, vocabulary builder, business writing, creative writing, academic writing, competitive exam English, and Hindi for beginners.
| # | Rule | Example |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Singular subject = singular verb | The cat runs. / He writes daily. |
| 2 | Plural subject = plural verb | The cats run. / They write daily. |
| 3 | Two singular subjects joined by and = plural verb | John and Jane are here. |
| 4 | Each / every / everyone / anybody = singular | Every student has a book. |
| 5 | Either...or / neither...nor — verb matches nearest subject | Neither the boys nor the girl was there. |
| 6 | Collective nouns — singular when acting as one unit | The committee has decided. |
| 7 | Collective nouns — plural when members act individually | The committee have disagreed. |
| 8 | Intervening phrases do not change subject-verb agreement | The box of chocolates is on the table. |
| 9 | Titles of books/movies = singular verb | The Great Gatsby is a classic. |
| 10 | Amounts of money / time / distance = singular | Five dollars is too much. |
| 11 | Fractions / percentages — match the noun after of | Half of the cake is gone. / Half of the students are here. |
| 12 | With / along with / as well as / together with — verb matches first subject | The teacher, along with her students, is present. |
| 13 | The number of = singular; A number of = plural | The number of errors is high. / A number of people are waiting. |
| 14 | None — can be singular or plural (context-dependent) | None of the pie is left. / None of the students are late. |
| 15 | Inverted sentences — find the true subject after the verb | There are three reasons. / Here comes the bus. |
| Rule | Explanation | Correct Example |
|---|---|---|
| Subjective case | Use I, he, she, we, they as subjects | She and I went to the store. |
| Objective case | Use me, him, her, us, them as objects | Give it to him and me. |
| Possessive case | Use my/mine, his, her/hers, our/ours, their/theirs | This book is hers. |
| Pronoun agreement | Pronoun must match its antecedent in number | Every student must bring his or her book. |
| Who vs Whom | Who = subject; Whom = object | Who called? / To whom did you give it? |
| Relative pronouns | Who (people), Which (things), That (people/things) | The man who called. / The book that I read. |
Dangling Modifier: A modifier whose intended subject is missing from the sentence.
| Type | Wrong | Correct |
|---|---|---|
| Dangling modifier | Walking down the street, the trees were beautiful. | Walking down the street, I saw beautiful trees. |
| Misplaced modifier | She served pizza to the children on paper plates. | She served the children pizza on paper plates. |
| Squinting modifier | People who jog often feel healthy. | People who often jog feel healthy. |
Parallel Structure: Items in a list or comparison must use the same grammatical form.
| Wrong | Correct |
|---|---|
| She likes hiking, swimming, and to ride bikes. | She likes hiking, swimming, and riding bikes. |
| The job requires writing, editing, and you must proofread. | The job requires writing, editing, and proofreading. |
| He is smart, funny, and has kindness. | He is smart, funny, and kind. |
| Type | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Zero Conditional | If + present simple, present simple | If you heat water, it boils. |
| First Conditional | If + present simple, will + base verb | If it rains, I will stay home. |
| Second Conditional | If + past simple, would + base verb | If I had money, I would travel. |
| Third Conditional | If + past perfect, would have + past participle | If she had studied, she would have passed. |
| Mixed (2/3) | If + past perfect, would + base verb | If I had accepted the job, I would be rich now. |
| Mixed (3/2) | If + past simple, would have + past participle | If she were CEO, she would have fired him. |
Used for wishes, demands, suggestions, and hypotheticals.
| Pattern | Example |
|---|---|
| Demand/Suggest + that + base verb | I demand that he be present. / She suggested that he leave early. |
| Wish + past simple (present wish) | I wish I were taller. |
| Wish + past perfect (past regret) | I wish I had studied harder. |
| If I were you (not was) | If I were you, I would apologize. |
| It is essential that + base verb | It is essential that she attend the meeting. |
| Myth | Reality |
|---|---|
| Never end a sentence with a preposition | Perfectly fine in English. "What are you looking for?" |
| Never split an infinitive | To boldly go is perfectly acceptable. The rule came from Latin. |
| Use "between" for two, "among" for more | Both work for any number. "Between" is for one-to-one relations. |
| "Less" vs "fewer" is always strict | Colloquially interchangeable. "Five items or fewer" is prescriptive. |
| Sentence must never begin with "And" or "But" | Perfectly valid in modern English writing. |
| Double negatives are always wrong | In standard English, yes. But dialects use them for emphasis. |
| Type | Structure | Example | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Defining (Restrictive) | No commas — essential to meaning | The woman who called yesterday is my aunt. | Defines which woman |
| Non-Defining | Commas — extra information | My brother, who lives in Delhi, is a doctor. | Extra info about brother |
| That vs Which | That = defining; Which = non-defining | The book that I read was great. | Never use which for defining clauses |
| Whose (possessive) | Whose + noun for people/things | The author whose novel won the award spoke. | Also works for inanimate objects |
| Where / When / Why | Relative adverbs for place/time/reason | The city where I was born is beautiful. | Avoid: the reason why... because |
| Omitting relative pronoun | When it is the object of the clause | The person (whom/that) I saw was the manager. | Cannot omit when it is the subject |
| # | Rule | Example |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Separate independent clauses joined by FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) | I went home, and she stayed behind. |
| 2 | After introductory elements (words, phrases, clauses) | However, I disagree. / In the morning, we left. / Because it rained, we stayed in. |
| 3 | Separate items in a series (Oxford comma optional but recommended) | I bought apples, oranges, and bananas. |
| 4 | Set off non-essential (non-restrictive) clauses | My brother, who lives in Delhi, is a doctor. |
| 5 | Separate coordinate adjectives (can swap order / insert and) | It was a long, cold, dark night. |
| 6 | Set off contrasting elements or parenthetical expressions | I want, however, to clarify my position. |
| 7 | In direct quotations | She said, "I will be there on time." |
| 8 | Separate dates, addresses, titles, and numbers | January 15, 2025, was the deadline. / John Doe Jr., MD, spoke. |
| Mark | Usage | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Semicolon | Join two closely related independent clauses | The sky grew dark; the storm was approaching. |
| Semicolon | Separate complex list items that contain commas | I visited Paris, France; Rome, Italy; and Berlin, Germany. |
| Semicolon + however/therefore | Link clauses with a conjunctive adverb | It rained heavily; however, we continued hiking. |
| Colon | Introduce a list, explanation, or quotation | Bring three items: a pen, paper, and an ID. |
| Colon | After an independent clause to emphasize what follows | There was one rule: never give up. |
| Colon | In time, ratios, and biblical references | The train departs at 10:30 a.m. / Ratio of 3:1 |
| Usage | Rule | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Possession (singular) | Add apostrophe + s | The dog's tail / Mary's book |
| Possession (plural ending in s) | Add apostrophe only | The dogs' tails / The students' grades |
| Possession (plural NOT ending in s) | Add apostrophe + s | The children's playground / The men's room |
| Contractions | Replace omitted letters | Don't / Can't / It's (it is) / You're (you are) |
| Plurals of letters/numbers | Add apostrophe + s for clarity | Mind your p's and q's / The 1990's (or 1990s) |
| NOT for possessive pronouns | Its / His / Hers / Theirs / Yours — no apostrophe | The dog wagged its tail. (NOT it's) |
| Rule | US Convention | UK Convention |
|---|---|---|
| Periods and commas | Inside quotes: "hello." | Outside quotes: "hello". |
| Colons and semicolons | Outside quotes: He said "no"; she agreed. | Same as US convention |
| Question marks | Inside if part of quote: She asked, "Why?" | Same convention |
| Single vs double | Double for speech, single for inner quote | Single for speech, double for inner quote |
| Titles of short works | Articles, poems, episodes in quotes | Same: poems, articles in quotes |
| Block quotes | No quotes if 40+ words (indented) | No quotes if longer extracts (indented) |
| Mark | Width | Usage | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hyphen (-) | Narrowest | Compound adjectives, word breaks, prefixes | well-known author, twenty-one |
| En-dash (–) | Medium | Ranges, scores, compound adjectives with spaces | Pages 10–20, India–England match |
| Em-dash (—) | Widest | Interruptions, emphasis, parentheticals | She said—and I agree—that we should go. |
| Mark | Usage | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Parentheses ( ) | Supplementary info, citations, acronyms | The WHO (World Health Organization) was founded in 1948. |
| Brackets [ ] | Clarification within quotes, editorial insertions | She said, "He [John] arrived late." |
| Braces { } | Set notation in math/tech, grouping options | {red, green, blue} |
| Ellipsis (...) | Omitted words, trailing thought, pause | She opened the letter and read... "I cannot believe this." |
Vertical List (colon + semicolons):
Bring the following items:
- a valid passport;
- two passport-size photographs;
- the original appointment letter.
Run-in List: Use commas with "and" before the last item. Use semicolons if items contain commas.
| # | Word | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Aberration | A departure from what is normal | The heatwave was an aberration from the usual climate. |
| 2 | Abjure | To formally renounce a belief | He abjured his former political affiliations. |
| 3 | Acumen | Keen insight and sharp judgment | Her business acumen led to rapid growth. |
| 4 | Alacrity | Eagerness and cheerful willingness | She accepted the offer with alacrity. |
| 5 | Amalgamate | To combine into a unified whole | The companies amalgamated to form a conglomerate. |
| 6 | Ameliorate | To make something better | Steps were taken to ameliorate working conditions. |
| 7 | Anachronism | Something out of its proper time period | A fax machine in 2025 is an anachronism. |
| 8 | Anomaly | Something that deviates from the norm | The data showed a statistical anomaly. |
| 9 | Arcane | Known by only a few; mysterious | The arcane rituals remained a secret. |
| 10 | Assuage | To ease or satisfy a feeling | His apology did little to assuage her anger. |
| 11 | Belligerent | Hostile and aggressive | His belligerent tone escalated the argument. |
| 12 | Benevolent | Well-meaning and kindly | The benevolent donor funded the entire project. |
| 13 | Bucolic | Relating to pleasant countryside | They retired to a bucolic village. |
| 14 | Cacophony | A harsh, discordant mixture of sounds | The cacophony of traffic was deafening. |
| 15 | Capricious | Given to sudden changes of mood | The boss was capricious and unpredictable. |
| 16 | Catalyst | A person or thing that precipitates change | The speech was a catalyst for reform. |
| 17 | Catholic | Broad and wide-ranging in taste | She has catholic tastes in music. |
| 18 | Chicanery | Trickery or deception | The company used chicanery to avoid taxes. |
| 19 | Cogent | Clear, logical, and convincing | She presented a cogent argument. |
| 20 | Commensurate | Corresponding in size or degree | Pay should be commensurate with experience. |
| 21 | Conciliatory | Intended to placate or pacify | He made a conciliatory gesture. |
| 22 | Conundrum | A confusing and difficult problem | The budget deficit is a conundrum. |
| 23 | Convoluted | Extremely complex and hard to follow | The instructions were convoluted. |
| 24 | Craven | Lacking courage; cowardly | The craven soldier fled the battlefield. |
| 25 | Dearth | A scarcity or lack of something | There is a dearth of qualified engineers. |
| 26 | Deleterious | Causing harm or damage | Smoking has deleterious effects on health. |
| 27 | Demagogue | A political leader who appeals to prejudice | The demagogue roused the crowd with false promises. |
| 28 | Desultory | Lacking a plan, purpose, or enthusiasm | He made a desultory attempt at studying. |
| 29 | Diatribe | A forceful and bitter verbal attack | She launched a diatribe against the government. |
| 30 | Didactic | Intended to teach or instruct | The book has a didactic tone. |
| 31 | Dilatory | Slow to act; intended to cause delay | Dilatory tactics delayed the trial. |
| 32 | Disingenuous | Not candid or sincere | His apology was disingenuous. |
| 33 | Ebullient | Cheerful and full of energy | She was ebullient after winning the award. |
| 34 | Efficacy | The ability to produce a desired result | The efficacy of the drug was proven in trials. |
| 35 | Ephemeral | Lasting for a very short time | The beauty of cherry blossoms is ephemeral. |
| 36 | Erudite | Having or showing great knowledge | The erudite professor impressed the audience. |
| 37 | Esoteric | Intended for a small number of people | The topic was too esoteric for beginners. |
| 38 | Euphemism | A mild word substituted for a harsh one | He passed away is a euphemism for he died. |
| 39 | Exacerbate | To make a problem worse | The drought was exacerbated by climate change. |
| 40 | Execrable | Extremely bad or unpleasant | The food at the restaurant was execrable. |
| 41 | Exigency | An urgent need or demand | The exigencies of war forced difficult choices. |
| 42 | Fastidious | Very attentive to detail; very fussy | She was fastidious about cleanliness. |
| 43 | Fatuous | Silly and pointless | His fatuous remarks annoyed everyone. |
| 44 | Foment | To instigate or stir up | The group tried to foment rebellion. |
| 45 | Fulminate | To express vehement protest | He fulminated against the new regulations. |
| 46 | Grandiloquent | Pompous or extravagant in language | His grandiloquent speech impressed no one. |
| 47 | Harangue | A lengthy and aggressive speech | The manager delivered a harangue about punctuality. |
| 48 | Hegemony | Leadership or dominance, especially by one state | The empire established cultural hegemony. |
| 49 | Iconoclast | A person who attacks cherished beliefs | He was an iconoclast in the art world. |
| 50 | Idiosyncratic | Peculiar or individual in nature | Her idiosyncratic style made her stand out. |
| Word | Meaning | Word | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abate | To reduce in intensity | Laconic | Using few words |
| Acrimony | Bitterness or hostility | Magnanimous | Very generous |
| Aesthetic | Concerned with beauty | Mendacious | Untruthful; lying |
| Altruistic | Selflessly concerned for others | Obsequious | Excessively obedient |
| Ambivalent | Having mixed feelings | Paradigm | A typical example or pattern |
| Apathy | Lack of interest or concern | Perfunctory | Carried out with minimum effort |
| Audacious | Willing to take bold risks | Pragmatic | Dealing with things practically |
| Bolster | To support or strengthen | Profligate | Recklessly extravagant |
| Castigate | To criticize severely | Quixotic | Extremely idealistic; unrealistic |
| Chauvinist | Excessively patriotic or biased | Recalcitrant | Uncooperative; resistant |
| Cogent | Clear, logical, convincing | Sanguine | Optimistic in a difficult situation |
| Contentious | Causing disagreement | Sophistry | Fallacious reasoning meant to deceive |
| Didactic | Intended to teach | Sycophant | A person who flatters to gain advantage |
| Enervate | To cause to feel drained of energy | Tantamount | Equivalent in seriousness |
| Equivocate | To use ambiguous language | Tenacious | Persistent and determined |
| Root | Origin | Meaning | Example Words |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bene/Bon | Latin | Good | Benefit, Bonafide, Benign |
| Chron | Greek | Time | Chronology, Chronic, Synchronize |
| Dict | Latin | Say/Speak | Dictate, Edict, Predict |
| Geo | Greek | Earth | Geography, Geology, Geocentric |
| Graph/Gram | Greek | Write/Draw | Autograph, Telegraoh, Diagram |
| Ject | Latin | Throw | Eject, Reject, Project, Inject |
| Log/Logy | Greek | Word/Study | Monologue, Biology, Psychology |
| Luc/Lum | Latin | Light | Lucid, Illuminate, Luminous |
| Mal | Latin | Bad | Malice, Malpractice, Malignant |
| Metr/Meter | Greek | Measure | Thermometer, Metric, Symmetry |
| Morph | Greek | Shape/Form | Metamorphosis, Amorphous |
| Path | Greek | Feeling/Disease | Sympathy, Pathology, Empathy |
| Phon | Greek | Sound | Telephone, Symphony, Phonetic |
| Port | Latin | Carry | Transport, Portable, Export |
| Scrib/Script | Latin | Write | Describe, Inscription, Manuscript |
| Spect | Latin | See/Look | Spectator, Inspect, Retrospect |
| Struct | Latin | Build | Construct, Structure, Instruct |
| Ten/Tain | Latin | Hold | Contain, Retain, Tenant |
| Vac | Latin | Empty | Vacant, Vacuum, Evacuate |
| Vid/Vis | Latin | See | Video, Vision, Visible, Evidence |
| Word A | Word B | Difference | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Affect (verb: influence) | Effect (noun: result) | The rain affected the match. / The effect was visible. | |
| Complement (complete) | Compliment (praise) | Wine complements cheese. / She gave a compliment. | |
| Principal (main/head) | Principle (rule/belief) | The principal spoke. / Stand by your principles. | |
| Stationary (not moving) | Stationery (writing supplies) | The bus was stationary. / Buy stationery. | |
| Allusion (indirect reference) | Illusion (false appearance) | He made an allusion to Shakespeare. | |
| Altar (religious platform) | Alter (to change) | They married at the altar. / We must alter the plan. | |
| Assent (agreement) | Ascent (climbing upward) | She gave her assent. / The ascent was steep. | |
| Capital (city/wealth) | Capitol (government building) | Delhi is the capital. | |
| Censor (suppress) | Sensor (detector) | The government censored the film. | |
| Cite (quote/refer) | Site (location) | Cite your sources. | |
| Council (advisory body) | Counsel (advice/lawyer) | The city council met. | |
| Discreet (careful/tactful) | Discrete (separate/distinct) | Please be discreet. | |
| Elicit (draw out) | Illicit (illegal) | Elicit a response. / Illicit trade. | |
| Emigrate (leave a country) | Immigrate (enter a country) | He emigrated from India. | |
| Farther (physical distance) | Further (abstract degree) | Walk farther. / Read further into the topic. | |
| Foreword (book intro) | Forward (direction) | Read the foreword. / Move forward. | |
| Hangar (storage for aircraft) | Hanger (for clothes) | The plane was in the hangar. | |
| Loose (not tight) | Lose (to misplace) | The bolt was loose. / Do not lose the key. | |
| Personal (private/individual) | Personnel (staff/employees) | Personal belongings. / HR personnel. | |
| Proceed (to continue) | Precede (to come before) | Please proceed. / The band preceded the speaker. | |
| Sight (vision) | Site (location) | Cite (quote) | The sight was beautiful. |
| Their (possessive) | There (place) | They are (they're) | Their house is there. |
| Than (comparison) | Then (time/sequence) | Better than before. / Then we left. | |
| Who (subject pronoun) | Whom (object pronoun) | Who is calling? / To whom? | |
| Your (possessive) | You are (you're) | Your book. / You are right. | |
| Accept (receive) | Except (excluding) | I accept the offer. / Everyone except me. | |
| Advice (noun: guidance) | Advise (verb: to counsel) | She gave good advice. | |
| Breath (noun: air inhaled) | Breathe (verb: to inhale) | Take a deep breath. | |
| Desert (dry region / abandon) | Dessert (sweet course) | The Sahara Desert. / Have dessert. | |
| Formally (in a formal way) | Formerly (previously) | Dress formally. / He was formerly CEO. |
| Word A | Word B | Pronunciation | Meaning Difference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Accept | Except | /əkˈsɛpt/ | Receive / Exclude |
| Adopt | Adapt | /əˈdɒpt/ | Take as one's own / Adjust |
| Affect | Effect | /əˈfɛkt/ | Influence / Result (noun) |
| Bare | Bear | /bɛər/ | Naked / Carry or endure |
| Board | Bored | /bɔːrd/ | A panel / Not interested |
| Break | Brake | /breɪk/ | To shatter / To slow down |
| Cell | Sell | /sɛl/ | A room / To exchange for money |
| Complement | Compliment | /ˈkɒmplɪmənt/ | Complete / Praise |
| Die | Dye | /daɪ/ | Cease to live / Color substance |
| Fair | Fare | /fɛər/ | Just / Fee or payment |
| Flour | Flower | /ˈflaʊər/ | Baking ingredient / Plant bloom |
| Heal | Heel | /hiːl/ | To cure / Back of the foot |
| Hole | Whole | /həʊl/ | An opening / Complete |
| Idle | Idol | /ˈaɪdl/ | Not active / Object of worship |
| Knew | New | /njuː/ | Past of know / Not old |
| Knight | Night | /naɪt/ | Armored warrior / Time after sunset |
| Lead | Led | /liːd/ | To guide / Past tense of lead |
| Peace | Piece | /piːs/ | Calm / A part of something |
| Plain | Plane | /pleɪn/ | Simple / Aircraft or flat surface |
| Principal | Principle | /ˈprɪnsəpəl/ | Main / A rule or belief |
| Right | Write | /raɪt/ | Correct / To put words on paper |
| Sight | Site | /saɪt/ | Vision / A location |
| Steal | Steel | /stiːl/ | To take illegally / Metal alloy |
| Their | There | /ðɛər/ | Possessive / A place |
| Weak | Week | /wiːk/ | Not strong / Seven days |
| Idiom | Meaning | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|
| A blessing in disguise | Something that seems bad but turns out good | Losing that job was a blessing in disguise. |
| Break the ice | Start a conversation in an awkward situation | She told a joke to break the ice. |
| Burn the midnight oil | Work or study late into the night | Students burn the midnight oil before exams. |
| Cost an arm and a leg | Very expensive | That luxury car must have cost an arm and a leg. |
| Cut corners | Do something poorly to save time or money | They cut corners on safety and had an accident. |
| Hit the nail on the head | Describe exactly what is causing a problem | You hit the nail on the head with that analysis. |
| Once in a blue moon | Very rarely | She visits her hometown once in a blue moon. |
| Piece of cake | Very easy | The math test was a piece of cake for him. |
| Spill the beans | Reveal secret information | Who spilled the beans about the surprise party? |
| The ball is in your court | It is your decision now | I have made my offer. The ball is in your court. |
| Under the weather | Feeling ill | She was feeling under the weather and stayed home. |
| Bite the bullet | Face something unpleasant bravely | I decided to bite the bullet and go to the dentist. |
| Caught red-handed | Discovered doing something wrong | The thief was caught red-handed by the police. |
| Give the cold shoulder | Ignore someone deliberately | She gave him the cold shoulder after the argument. |
| Let the cat out of the bag | Accidentally reveal a secret | He let the cat out of the bag about the promotion. |
| Miss the boat | Be too late to take an opportunity | I missed the boat on investing in Bitcoin early. |
| On thin ice | In a risky or precarious situation | He has been late three times and is on thin ice. |
| Rule of thumb | A general principle (not always exact) | As a rule of thumb, save 20% of your income. |
| See eye to eye | To agree with someone | We do not see eye to eye on this matter. |
| Wrap your head around | Understand something complex | It took a while to wrap my head around the theory. |
| Part | Guidelines | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Subject Line | Clear, specific, actionable. Use: [Action] + [Topic] | Meeting Rescheduled: Q3 Budget Review - Dec 20 |
| Salutation | Formal: Dear [Name]. Semi-formal: Hi [Name] | Dear Ms. Sharma, / Hi Raj, |
| Opening | State purpose clearly in 1-2 sentences | I am writing to follow up on our discussion from Monday. |
| Body | One topic per paragraph. Use bullet points for lists | Please find the three key points below... |
| Call to Action | Specific, time-bound next step | Please confirm your availability by Friday, Dec 22. |
| Closing | Professional sign-off matching the formality level | Best regards, / Sincerely, / Thanks, |
| Signature | Name, title, company, contact info | Priya Patel | Senior Analyst | ABC Corp | +91 98765 43210 |
[Your Name]
[Your Address]
[City, State, ZIP]
[Email] | [Phone]
[Date]
[Recipient Name]
[Title]
[Company Name]
[Company Address]
[City, State, ZIP]
Dear [Mr./Ms./Dr. Last Name],
[Opening paragraph: State your purpose clearly and concisely]
[Middle paragraph(s): Provide supporting details, evidence,
or context. Each paragraph should cover one main point.]
[Closing paragraph: State the desired action or next step.
Express willingness to provide additional information.]
Sincerely,
[Your Signature]
[Your Printed Name]
[Your Title]| Section | Content | Tips |
|---|---|---|
| Title Page | Report title, author, date, organization | Keep it professional and clear |
| Executive Summary | 1-page overview of findings and recommendations | Write this LAST — after the full report |
| Table of Contents | List of sections with page numbers | Auto-generate from headings |
| Introduction | Background, objectives, scope, methodology | Set context for the reader |
| Findings / Analysis | Data, charts, evidence, analysis | Use visuals, be objective |
| Conclusions | What the findings mean | Do not introduce new data |
| Recommendations | Actionable next steps | Be specific and prioritized |
| Appendices | Raw data, questionnaires, references | Support material, not essential reading |
| Component | What to Include |
|---|---|
| Problem Statement | Clearly define the problem or opportunity |
| Proposed Solution | Your approach and why it works |
| Methodology / Timeline | Step-by-step plan with milestones and dates |
| Budget / Cost Estimate | Itemized costs with justification |
| Qualifications | Why you/team are the right choice |
| Expected Outcomes | Measurable deliverables and success metrics |
| Terms and Conditions | Payment terms, scope boundaries, assumptions |
Agenda Template:
| Time | Item | Owner |
|---|---|---|
| 10:00 - 10:05 | Welcome and roll call | Chairperson |
| 10:05 - 10:15 | Review of previous action items | Secretary |
| 10:15 - 10:35 | Discussion: Q3 Budget Allocation | Finance Lead |
| 10:35 - 10:50 | Presentation: New Product Roadmap | Product Manager |
| 10:50 - 11:00 | Open floor / AOB | All |
| 11:00 | Next meeting date and adjournment | Chairperson |
Minutes Must Include: Date, time, attendees, decisions made, action items (owner + deadline), next meeting date.
| Informal | Formal Alternative |
|---|---|
| Get back to you | I will respond to you shortly |
| Sorry about the delay | Please accept my apologies for the delay |
| Need | Require / It is necessary |
| Help | Assistance / Support |
| Set up a meeting | Arrange a meeting / Schedule a discussion |
| Find out | Ascertain / Determine |
| Let me know | Please inform me / Kindly advise |
| Think about | Consider / Contemplate |
| Look into | Investigate / Examine |
| ASAP | At your earliest convenience |
| By the way | Additionally / Furthermore |
| I think | In my opinion / It is my belief |
| But | However / Nevertheless |
| Also | In addition / Moreover |
| So | Therefore / Consequently |
| Please fix this | Please rectify this matter |
| Thanks a lot | I greatly appreciate your assistance |
| I cannot make it | I am unable to attend |
| No worries | No concerns whatsoever |
| Wrap up | Conclude / Bring to a close |
| Field | When to Use | Rules |
|---|---|---|
| To: | Primary recipient(s) who need to act or respond | Maximum 3-4 people. List in order of priority. |
| CC: | People who need to be informed but need not act | No action expected. Keep list short. |
| BCC: | Large mailing lists, protecting privacy | Never BCC your manager on a reply. Reply All is different. |
| Reply All | Only when ALL recipients need your response | Think twice before Reply All on large threads. |
| Act | Three-Act Structure | Hero’s Journey (Campbell) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 / Departure | Setup: Introduce characters, world, and inciting incident | Ordinary World: Hero in normal life. Call to Adventure: Disruption occurs. Refusal: Hero hesitates. Mentor: Guide appears. |
| 1-2 / Initiation | Rising Action: Obstacles, complications, midpoint twist | Crossing Threshold: Hero enters unknown. Tests: Allies and enemies emerge. Approach: Preparing for ordeal. Ordeal: Major crisis/climax. |
| 2 / Return | Climax and Falling Action: Resolution of conflict | Reward: Hero gains something. Road Back: Journey home. Resurrection: Final test. Return: Hero returns transformed. |
| 3 | Resolution: Denouement — loose ends tied, new status quo | Elixir: Hero shares the wisdom gained |
| Element | Questions to Ask | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Desire | What does the character want? (external goal) | She wants to win the championship. |
| Need | What does the character truly need? (internal growth) | She needs to believe in herself. |
| Flaw | What weakness holds them back? | She is overly critical of herself. |
| Wound | What past trauma shapes their behavior? | Her previous coach told her she lacked talent. |
| Lie | What false belief do they hold? | Success requires perfection. |
| Ghost | What haunts them from the past? | The memory of her last failed performance. |
| Arc | How do they change from beginning to end? | She learns that effort matters more than perfection. |
| Tell (Weak) | Show (Strong) |
|---|---|
| She was angry. | Her jaw clenched and her fists tightened at her sides. |
| He was nervous. | He wiped his palms on his trousers for the third time. |
| It was a cold morning. | His breath hung in the air like cigarette smoke. |
| The house was old. | The floorboards groaned with every step and the wallpaper peeled in long strips. |
| She was sad. | She stared at the untouched dinner, pushing peas around her plate. |
| He was happy. | A grin spread across his face as he pumped his fist in the air. |
| The room was messy. | Clothes draped every chair and books lay open on the floor. |
| She was scared. | Her heart hammered against her ribs as she backed into the wall. |
| Tip | Explanation | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Each character needs a unique voice | Vary vocabulary, sentence length, speech patterns | A professor speaks formally; a teen uses slang |
| Subtext over exposition | Characters rarely say exactly what they mean | "Nice weather" during a tense argument |
| Use action beats instead of tags | Describe what characters do while speaking | She slammed her mug down. "I disagree." |
| Cut pleasantries | Skip hellos, goodbyes, and small talk unless essential | Jump into the conflict |
| Read dialogue aloud | If it sounds unnatural spoken, rewrite it | Test rhythm and flow |
| Punctuation for interruptions | Use em-dash for cut-off dialogue | "I was trying to—" "You were not." |
| Method | How It Works | Best For |
|---|---|---|
| Snowflake Method | Start with 1-sentence summary, expand into paragraph, then into scenes | Novelists who want structure with flexibility |
| Save the Cat (Blake Snyder) | 15 beats: Opening Image, Theme Stated, Catalyst, Debate, Break into Two, etc. | Screenwriters and commercial fiction |
| Seven-Point Story (Dan Wells) | Hook, Plot Turn 1, Pinch 1, Midpoint, Pinch 2, Plot Turn 2, Resolution | Plotters who want clear milestones |
| Notecard / Index Card | Write each scene on a card, rearrange on a wall/board | Visual planners and complex storylines |
| Pantsing (Discovery Writing) | Write by the seat of your pants — discover the story as you go | Literary fiction, character-driven stories |
| Category | Key Questions |
|---|---|
| Geography & Climate | Terrain, weather patterns, seasons, natural resources, borders |
| Culture & Society | Customs, traditions, social hierarchy, gender roles, religion |
| Politics & Power | Government system, laws, military, diplomacy, factions |
| Economy & Trade | Currency, industries, imports/exports, social classes |
| Technology & Magic | Level of technology, magic systems with rules and limitations |
| History & Lore | Wars, legends, myths, founding stories, historical turning points |
| Language & Names | Naming conventions, idioms, slang, writing systems |
| Daily Life | Food, clothing, shelter, entertainment, education |
| Mistake | Fix |
|---|---|
| Info-dumping / exposition overload | Reveal world info gradually through character experience |
| Mary Sue / perfect protagonist | Give real flaws and allow genuine failure |
| Villain with no motivation | Every villain is the hero of their own story — give them reasons |
| Flat dialogue (everyone sounds the same) | Give each character distinct speech patterns |
| Starting too slowly | Begin with action, dialogue, or an inciting incident |
| Overusing adverbs and adjectives | Use strong verbs and precise nouns instead |
| Telling not showing emotions | Describe physical reactions and body language |
| Coincidence-driven plots | Character actions should drive the story forward |
Standard 5-Paragraph Essay:
| Paragraph | Content | % of Essay |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Introduction | Hook + Context + Thesis Statement | 10-15% |
| 2. Body 1 | Topic sentence + Evidence + Analysis + Link | 20-25% |
| 3. Body 2 | Topic sentence + Evidence + Analysis + Link | 20-25% |
| 4. Body 3 | Topic sentence + Evidence + Analysis + Link | 20-25% |
| 5. Conclusion | Restate thesis (reworded) + Summary + Final thought | 10-15% |
Extended Essay (research paper): Introduction + Literature Review + Methodology + Results + Discussion + Conclusion.
| Type | Formula | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Argumentative | Although [counterargument], [position] because [reason 1], [reason 2], and [reason 3]. | Although some argue social media connects people, it actually increases isolation because it reduces face-to-face interaction, promotes comparison, and creates addictive behaviors. |
| Analytical | [Topic] + [aspects to analyze] + [insight/conclusion] | The symbolism of the green light in The Great Gatsby reveals the impossibility of recapturing the past through Gatsby's relentless pursuit, his ultimate failure, and Nick's final disillusionment. |
| Expository | [Topic] + [key points to explain] | Climate change affects global food security through rising temperatures, shifting rainfall patterns, and increased frequency of extreme weather events. |
| Feature | APA (7th) | MLA (9th) | Chicago |
|---|---|---|---|
| Discipline | Social Sciences, Psychology, Education | Humanities, Literature, Arts | History, some Social Sciences |
| In-text citation | (Author, Year) | (Author Page) | Footnotes/Endnotes |
| Example | (Smith, 2023, p. 45) | (Smith 45) | 1. John Smith, Title (2023), 45. |
| Reference list title | References | Works Cited | Bibliography |
| Author format | Last, F. M. | Last, First | Last, First Middle |
| Date position | In parentheses after author | End of entry | After publisher |
| Capitalization | Sentence case for titles | Title case for titles | Title case for titles |
| DOI/URL | https://doi.org/xxxxx | https://doi.org/xxxxx | URL or DOI preferred |
| Section | Purpose | Word Count Guide |
|---|---|---|
| Abstract | Summarize the entire paper in 150-250 words | 150-250 words |
| Introduction | Present the problem, literature gap, and research question | 10-15% of paper |
| Literature Review | Survey existing research and identify the gap | 15-25% of paper |
| Methodology | Explain how you conducted the research | 10-15% of paper |
| Results | Present findings with data, tables, and figures | 15-20% of paper |
| Discussion | Interpret results, link to literature, acknowledge limitations | 20-25% of paper |
| Conclusion | Summarize key findings and suggest future research | 5-10% of paper |
| References | List all cited sources in the required format | Not counted |
| Type of Plagiarism | Description | How to Avoid |
|---|---|---|
| Direct Plagiarism | Copying text word-for-word without citation | Always use quotation marks + cite the source |
| Mosaic Plagiarism | Mixing copied phrases with your own words | Paraphrase completely and cite all sources |
| Self-Plagiarism | Reusing your own previous work without acknowledgment | Cite your own previous work or get permission |
| Accidental Plagiarism | Forgetting to cite or paraphrasing too closely | Take notes in your own words; cite as you write |
| Paraphrasing Without Citation | Rewriting someone's idea in your words but not citing | Cite the source even when paraphrasing |
| Purpose | Transition Words |
|---|---|
| Addition | Furthermore, Moreover, Additionally, In addition, Besides, Also, Similarly, Likewise |
| Contrast | However, Nevertheless, On the other hand, Conversely, In contrast, Nonetheless, Yet, Although |
| Cause & Effect | Therefore, Consequently, Thus, As a result, Accordingly, For this reason, Hence, Because |
| Sequence / Order | First, Second, Third, Next, Then, Subsequently, Finally, Meanwhile, Thereafter |
| Comparison | Similarly, Likewise, In the same way, Correspondingly, Equally, Just as |
| Emphasis | Indeed, In fact, Notably, Significantly, Importantly, Above all, Undoubtedly |
| Example | For instance, For example, Specifically, To illustrate, In particular, Namely, Such as |
| Conclusion | In conclusion, To summarize, In summary, Overall, Ultimately, All in all, To conclude |
| Condition | If, Unless, Provided that, Assuming that, Even if, Only if, Whether or not |
| Clarification | In other words, That is to say, To put differently, Namely, Specifically |
| Everyday Word | Academic Alternative |
|---|---|
| Big | Substantial, Considerable, Significant |
| Small | Minimal, Marginal, Negligible |
| Show | Demonstrate, Illustrate, Indicate, Reveal |
| Get | Obtain, Acquire, Derive, Secure |
| Good | Beneficial, Advantageous, Favorable |
| Bad | Detrimental, Adverse, Unfavorable |
| Use | Utilize, Employ, Apply, Leverage |
| Help | Facilitate, Assist, Contribute to |
| Make | Construct, Generate, Produce, Formulate |
| Find out | Ascertain, Determine, Investigate |
| Look at | Examine, Analyze, Evaluate |
| Point out | Highlight, Emphasize, Underscore |
| Start | Commence, Initiate, Inaugurate |
| End | Conclude, Culminate, Terminate |
| Important | Crucial, Paramount, Pivotal, Essential |
| # | Rule | Error Example | Correction |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Subject-verb agreement | The list of items are ready. | The list of items is ready. |
| 2 | Pronoun agreement | Each of the boys have come. | Each of the boys has come. |
| 3 | Tense consistency | He went to school and takes the test. | He went to school and took the test. |
| 4 | Article usage | He is an university student. | He is a university student. |
| 5 | Preposition after adjective | She is good in mathematics. | She is good at mathematics. |
| 6 | Parallel structure | I like to read, write, and cooking. | I like to read, write, and cook. |
| 7 | Double negative | She does not have no money. | She does not have any money. |
| 8 | Comparative degree | She is more taller than him. | She is taller than him. |
| 9 | Superlative degree | He is the most tallest boy. | He is the tallest boy. |
| 10 | Dangling participle | Walking in the park, the flowers were beautiful. | Walking in the park, I saw beautiful flowers. |
| 11 | Incorrect infinitive | He advised to do it carefully. | He advised me to do it carefully. |
| 12 | Verb after suggest/propose | She suggested him to leave. | She suggested that he leave. |
| 13 | Who vs whom | Whom do you think called? | Who do you think called? |
| 14 | Its vs It's | The dog wagged it's tail. | The dog wagged its tail. |
| 15 | Fewer vs Less (countable) | There were less people. | There were fewer people. |
| 16 | Lay vs Lie | I want to lay down. | I want to lie down. |
| 17 | Rise vs Raise | He rose his hand. | He raised his hand. |
| 18 | Since / For usage | He has been here since three years. | He has been here for three years. |
| 19 | Between vs Among | Between three options, pick one. | Among three options, pick one. |
| 20 | Neither-nor agreement | Neither he nor I is going. | Neither he nor I am going. |
| Step | Action |
|---|---|
| 1. Read the original | Understand the intended meaning before looking at options |
| 2. Identify the error type | Grammar (SV agreement, tenses, pronouns), Usage, Logical (meaning, ambiguity) |
| 3. Eliminate wrong options | Cross out options that introduce new errors or change meaning |
| 4. Check for conciseness | Among grammatically correct options, pick the most concise one |
| 5. Watch for traps | Sometimes the original sentence is correct (option A — no error) |
| Technique | How to Apply |
|---|---|
| Find the opening sentence | Look for a general statement, definition, or introduction. Never starts with "However", "Therefore", or "But". |
| Identify the closing sentence | Conclusion, summary, or result. Often contains "Therefore", "Thus", "Hence". |
| Find mandatory pairs | Look for connected ideas: cause-effect, pronoun-antecedent, chronological order. |
| Trace pronoun links | If sentence B has "he", find the sentence before B that introduces the person. |
| Use transition words | "However" must follow a contrasting statement. "Moreover" must follow a supporting one. |
| Eliminate wrong options | Use the pairs you found to eliminate arrangements that break the pair. |
| Step | Action | Tip |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Read the entire passage first without filling blanks | Get the overall context and tone |
| 2 | Fill the easiest blanks first | Build momentum — these may help solve harder ones |
| 3 | Look for contextual clues | Words before/after the blank hint at the answer |
| 4 | Check collocations | Common word pairs: "make an effort", "take a decision" |
| 5 | Eliminate options | Grammatically impossible options can be ruled out first |
| 6 | Read the completed passage | Check for flow, tone, and logical consistency |
| Strategy | Details |
|---|---|
| Skim first | Read the first and last sentence of each paragraph in 30-60 seconds |
| Read questions before passage | For detail-based questions, this focuses your reading |
| Underline key phrases | Mark main ideas, contrasts, and evidence as you read |
| Eliminate extreme options | Answers with "always", "never", "all" are usually wrong |
| Match tone and scope | The correct answer matches the passage's tone (critical, neutral, positive) |
| Inference vs fact | Distinguish between what is stated and what is implied |
| Vocabulary in context | A word's meaning in the passage may differ from its dictionary meaning |
| Time management | Spend 1-2 minutes per question; skip and return to hard ones |
| Clue Type | Example |
|---|---|
| Definition clue | The arachnid — an eight-legged creature — spun its web. (arachnid = spider-like) |
| Contrast clue | Unlike her garrulous brother, Priya was taciturn. (taciturn = quiet) |
| Example clue | Avian creatures such as eagles and parrots are declining. (avian = bird-related) |
| Cause-effect clue | The incessant rain caused flooding. (incessant = unceasing) |
| Synonym clue | The manager was irate, furious about the missed deadline. (irate = angry) |
| Incorrect Phrase | Correct Phrase | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|
| One of the best player | One of the best players | Always plural after "one of the" |
| No sooner had he arrived when | No sooner had he arrived than | Always "than" with no sooner |
| Not only he came but also | Not only did he come but also | Auxiliary verb after negative adverb |
| Hardly had he reached when | Hardly had he reached when / than | Both are accepted |
| Would rather to go | Would rather go | Bare infinitive after would rather |
| Scarcely had he finished than | Scarcely had he finished when | Always "when" with scarcely |
| He asked that where was I | He asked where I was | No "that" after asked when a question follows |
| Despite of his illness | Despite his illness | No "of" after despite |
| Insist for doing | Insist on doing | Always "on" after insist |
| Looking forward to meet you | Looking forward to meeting you | Gerund (-ing) after "to" in "look forward to" |
| Letter | Transliteration | Word Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| अ | a | अप (ap) | After / Afterward |
| आ | aa | आम (aam) | Mango |
| इ | i | इमारत (imaarat) | Building |
| ई | ee | ईमान (eemaan) | Faith |
| उ | u | उपर (upar) | Above / On |
| ऊ | oo | ऊस्पताल (ustaad) | Teacher / Master |
| ऋ | ri | कृष्ण (krishna) | Krishna |
| ए | e | एक (ek) | One |
| एं | en / an | हें (hen) | They (formal) |
| एः | ah | नमस्कार (namaskaar) | Greetings |
| ओ | o | ओख (okh) | Angle / Side |
| औ | au | और (aur) | And / More |
| Letter | Sound | Example Word | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| क | ka | कमरा (kamraa) | Room |
| ख | kha | खाना (khaanaa) | Food |
| ग | ga | गम (gam) | Village |
| घ | gha | घर (ghar) | House / Home |
| च | cha | चाय (chaay) | Tea |
| ज | ja | जल (jal) | Water |
| ट | Ta | ट्रेन (Tren) | Train |
| ड | Da | डाक्टर (DaakTar) | Doctor |
| त | ta | तारीख (taareekh) | Date |
| द | da | दिन (din) | Day |
| न | na | नमस्ते (namaste) | Hello |
| प | pa | पानी (paanee) | Water (casual) |
| फ | fa | फ़ूल (phool) | Flower |
| ब | ba | बहुत (bahut) | Very / A lot |
| म | ma | में (men) | In |
| य | ya | यह (yah) | This |
| र | ra | रात (raat) | Night |
| ल | la | लड़की (ladkee) | Girl |
| व | va/wa | वह (vah) | That / He / She |
| स | sa | साड़ी (saaDee) | Saree / 100 years |
| ह | ha | हाँ (haaN) | Yes |
| Hindi | Pronunciation | English |
|---|---|---|
| नमस्कार | Namaskaar | Hello / Greetings (formal) |
| नमस्ते | Namaste | Hello (informal) |
| शुभ प्रभात | Shubh prabhaat | Good morning |
| शुभ रात्रि | Shubh raatri | Good night |
| आप कैसे हैं? | Aap kaise hain? | How are you? (formal) |
| मैं ठीक हूँ | Main theek hoon | I am fine |
| धन्यवाद | Dhanyavaad | Thank you |
| कृपया | Kripayaa | Please |
| माफ कीजिए | Maaf kijiye | Excuse me / Sorry |
| हाँ | Haan | Yes |
| नहीं | Nahin | No |
| माफ करो | Maaf karo | Sorry (informal) |
| आपका नाम क्या है? | Aapka naam kya hai? | What is your name? |
| मेरा नाम ... है | Meraa naam ... hai | My name is ... |
| आप से मिलकर खुशी हुई | Aap se milkar khushi hui | Nice to meet you |
| अलविदा | Alvida | Goodbye |
| फिर मिलेंगे | Phir milenge | See you again |
| कृपया मदद कीजिए | Kripayaa madad keejiye | Please help me |
| मुझे समझ नहीं आया | Mujhe samajh nahin aayaa | I did not understand |
| कृपया धीरे बोलिए | Kripayaa dheere boliye | Please speak slowly |
| क्या आप अंग्रेजी बोलते हैं? | Kya aap angrejee bolte hain? | Do you speak English? |
| यह कितने का है? | Yeh kitne kaa hai? | How much is this? |
| बहुत महङ्गा है! | Bahut mehnga hai! | Too expensive! |
| क्या आप क्रेडिट कार्ड स्वीकार करते हैं? | Kya aap credit card sweekaar karte hain? | Do you accept credit cards? |
| कितने बजे हैं? | Kitne baje hain? | What time is it? |
| क्या आपके पास यह है? | Kya aapke paas yeh hai? | Do you have this? |
| काश में आइए | Kaash mein aayaa | I wish I had come |
| मुझे भूख नहीं आता | Mujhe bhookh nahin aataa | I am not hungry |
| यहाँ से दूर क्या है? | Yahaan se door kya hai? | How far is it from here? |
| वाशवरूम कहाँ है? | Waashavroom kahaan hai? | Where is the washroom? |
| मुझे एक कैब दो सकते हैं? | Mujhe ek cab do sakte hain? | Can you call me a cab? |
| Hindi Word | Meaning | Context |
|---|---|---|
| Avatar | Incarnation / Manifestation | Taken from Sanskrit, now in English globally |
| Nirvana | Liberation / Peace | State of perfect peace or freedom from suffering |
| Guru | Teacher / Mentor | Used worldwide for expert or teacher |
| Karma | Action and its consequences | The sum of one's actions in this and previous states |
| Yoga | Union / Practice | Physical and mental discipline practice |
| Jungle | Forest | From Hindi ja.ngal, now English word for dense forest |
| Bungalow | Single-story house | From Hindi ban.glaa, one-story house |
| Shampoo | Hair wash product | From Hindi chaam.poo, meaning to press/massage |
| Pajamas | Sleepwear | From Hindi paajaaama, leg clothing |
| Thug | Criminal / Violent person | From Hindi thag, meaning deceiver |
| Veranda | Porch / Open gallery | From Hindi baraaN.daa, railing |
| Loot | Plunder / Steal | From Hindi luT, meaning to steal |
| Bazaar | Market / Marketplace | From Hindi bazaar, meaning marketplace |
| Chai | Tea (spiced) | Hindi word for tea, now globally popular |
| Namaste | Greeting with folded hands | Traditional Indian greeting |
| Roti | Flatbread | Indian bread, commonly used in food contexts |
| Ghee | Clarified butter | Used in Indian cooking, now in global cuisines |
| Mantra | Sacred utterance / Repeated phrase | From Sanskrit/Hindi, meaning sacred chant |
| Pundit | Expert / Learned person | From Hindi pandit, meaning learned scholar |
| Juggernaut | Overwhelming force | From Hindi Jagannaath, a form of Vishnu |
| Number | Hindi | Devanagari | Number | Hindi | Devanagari |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | Zero | शून्य | 10 | Das | दस |
| 1 | Ek | एक | 20 | Bees | बीस |
| 2 | Do | दो | 30 | Thees | तीस |
| 3 | Teen | तीन | 40 | Chaaliss | चालीस |
| 4 | Chaar | चार | 50 | Pachaas | पचास |
| 5 | Paanch | पाँच | 60 | Saath | साठ |
| 6 | Cheh | छह | 70 | Sattar | सत्तर |
| 7 | Saat | सात | 80 | Assi | अस्सी |
| 8 | Aath | आठ | 90 | Nabbe | नब्बे |
| 9 | Nau | नौ | 100 | Sau | सौ |
| Pattern | Hindi Structure | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| Subject + Object + Verb | [Subject] + [Object] + [Verb hai] | Main (I) seb (apple) khaataa hoon (eat) | I eat an apple |
| With postpositions | Noun + Postposition | Ghar (house) men (in) | In the house |
| Yes/No questions | Start with Kya | Kya aap jaante hain? (Do you know?) | Do you know? |
| Wh-questions | Kya (what), Kaun (who), Kahaan (where), Kyon (why), Kab (when), Kaise (how) | Aap kahaan ja rahe hain? (Where are you going?) | Where are you going? |
| Negation | Add nahin before the verb | Main nahin jaaoongaa (I will not go) | I will not go |
| Possession | Use ke paas | Uske paas gaadi hai (He has a car) | He has a car |
| Day | Hindi | Month | Hindi | Season | Hindi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Monday | सोमवार (Somvaar) | January | जनवरी | Spring | बसंत (Basant) |
| Tuesday | मंगलवार (Mangalvaar) | February | फरवरी | Summer | ग्रीष्म (Greeshm) |
| Wednesday | बुधवार (Budhvaar) | March | मार्च | Monsoon | वर्षा (Varshaa) |
| Thursday | गुरुवार (Guruvaar) | April | अप्रैल | Autumn | शरद (Sharad) |
| Friday | शुक्रवार (Shukravaar) | May | मई | Pre-winter | हेमंत (Hemant) |
| Saturday | शनिवार (Shanivaar) | June | जून | Winter | शीत (Sheet) |
| Sunday | रविवार (Ravivaar) | July | जुलाई | ||
| August | अगस्त | ||||
| September | सितंबर | ||||
| October | अक्तूबर | ||||
| November | नवंबर | ||||
| December | दिसंबर |
| Relation | Hindi | Color | Hindi |
|---|---|---|---|
| Father | पिता (Pitaa) | Red | लाल (Laal) |
| Mother | माता (Maataa) | Blue | नील (Neela) |
| Brother | भाई (Bhaai) | Green | हरा (Haraa) |
| Sister | बहन (Behan) | Yellow | पीला (Peelaa) |
| Husband | पति (Pati) | White | सफ़ेद (Safed) |
| Wife | पत्नी (Patnee) | Black | काला (Kaalaa) |
| Son | बेटा (Betaa) | Orange | नारंगी (Naarangee) |
| Daughter | बेटी (Betee) | Purple | बैंगनी (Baignanee) |
| Grandfather | दादा / नाना (Daadaa / Naanaa) | Pink | गुलाबी (Gulaabee) |
| Grandmother | दादी / नानी (Daadee / Naanee) | Brown | भूरा (Bhooraa) |
| Uncle (paternal) | चाचा (Chaachaa) | Grey | स्लेटी (Slety) |
| Aunt (paternal) | चाची (Chaachee) | Golden | सोना (Sonaa) |
| Situation | Hindi Phrase | Pronunciation |
|---|---|---|
| At the airport | मेरा पासपोर्ट कहाँ है? | Meraa paasport kahaan hai? |
| At the airport | मेरा सामान आया है | Meraa samaan aayaa hai |
| At a restaurant | मुझे मेनू दीजिए | Mujhe menu deejiye |
| At a restaurant | जल दो | Jal do (Give water) |
| At a restaurant | बिल दो | Bil do (Give the bill) |
| Getting directions | स्टेशन कहाँ है? | Station kahaan hai? |
| Getting directions | दाईं तरफ मुड़ें | Daaien taraf muden (Turn right) |
| Getting directions | बाईं तरफ मुड़ें | Baaen taraf muden (Turn left) |
| Shopping | यह कितने का है? | Yeh kitne kaa hai? |
| Shopping | थोड़ा कीजिए | Thodaa keejiye (Reduce the price) |
| Emergency | मदद कीजिए! पुलिस बुलाईए! | Madad keejiye! Police bulaaiye! |
| Emergency | अस्पताल में ले जाईए | Aspataal men le jaaiye (Take to hospital) |
| General | मुझे शाम नहीं है | Mujhe shaam nahin hai (I am lost) |
| General | क्या आप मेरी मदद कर सकते हैं? | Kya aap meri madad kar sakte hain? |
| General | बहुत बहुत धन्यवाद | Bahut bahut dhanyavaad (Thank you very much) |