⏳
Loading cheatsheet...
Biology, Physics, Chemistry key topics, diagrams, mnemonics, important questions, and exam strategy.
| Feature | Details |
|---|---|
| Full Name | National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate) |
| Purpose | Admission to MBBS, BDS, AYUSH, BVSc, and nursing courses in India |
| Conducting Body | NTA (National Testing Agency) |
| Frequency | Once per year (usually May) |
| Mode | Pen-and-Paper (offline) OMR based |
| Subjects | Physics (45 Q), Chemistry (45 Q), Biology (Botany 45 Q + Zoology 45 Q) |
| Total Questions | 200 (180 to attempt: 45+45+45+45 with 5 internal choices per question) |
| Total Marks | 720 (180 to attempt × 4 marks each) |
| Duration | 3 hours 20 minutes (200 minutes) |
| Marking | +4 correct, -1 wrong, 0 unattempted |
| Eligibility | 12th passed with Physics, Chemistry, Biology/Biotech (min 50% for General, 40% for OBC/SC/ST) |
| Age Limit | 17-25 years (General), 17-30 (OBC/SC/ST) as on Dec 31 of admission year |
| Language | 13 languages including English, Hindi, Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu |
| Section | Type | Questions per Subject | Total (4 subjects) |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | MCQ (single correct out of 4) | 35 | 140 |
| B | MCQ (5 questions with 4 internal choices each, must attempt any 1 set) | 10 (5 sets of internal choices) | 40 |
| Per Subject Total | 45 | 180 (attemptable) |
| Class | Chapter | Avg Questions | Priority |
|---|---|---|---|
| Class 11 | The Living World | 1 | Low |
| Class 11 | Biological Classification | 2-3 | Medium |
| Class 11 | Plant Kingdom | 3-4 | High |
| Class 11 | Animal Kingdom | 3-4 | High |
| Class 11 | Morphology of Flowering Plants | 3-4 | High |
| Class 11 | Anatomy of Flowering Plants | 2-3 | Medium |
| Class 11 | Structural Organisation in Animals | 2-3 | Medium |
| Class 11 | Cell: Unit of Life | 4-5 | Very High |
| Class 11 | Biomolecules | 2-3 | Medium |
| Class 11 | Cell Cycle & Cell Division | 2-3 | Medium |
| Class 11 | Photosynthesis in Higher Plants | 3-4 | High |
| Class 11 | Respiration in Plants | 2-3 | Medium |
| Class 11 | Plant Growth & Development | 2 | Medium |
| Class 11 | Human Physiology (Digestion, Breathing, Body Fluids, Excretory, Nervous, Chemical Coordination, Locomotion) | 20-25 total | Very High |
| Class 12 | Reproduction in Organisms | 1 | Low |
| Class 12 | Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants | 4-5 | Very High |
| Class 12 | Human Reproduction | 4-5 | Very High |
| Class 12 | Reproductive Health | 2-3 | Medium |
| Class 12 | Principles of Inheritance & Variation | 5-6 | Very High |
| Class 12 | Molecular Basis of Inheritance | 4-5 | Very High |
| Class 12 | Evolution | 2-3 | Medium |
| Class 12 | Human Health & Disease | 2-3 | Medium |
| Class 12 | Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production | 2 | Medium |
| Class 12 | Microbes in Human Welfare | 2-3 | Medium |
| Class 12 | Biotechnology: Principles & Processes | 3-4 | High |
| Class 12 | Biotechnology and its Applications | 2-3 | Medium |
| Class 12 | Organisms and Populations | 2-3 | Medium |
| Class 12 | Ecosystem | 2-3 | Medium |
| Class 12 | Biodiversity and Conservation | 2 | Medium |
─── Must-Memorize Topics (Most Tested) ───
1. Genetics & Evolution:
- Mendel's Laws (Monohybrid, Dihybrid ratios: 3:1, 9:3:3:1)
- Test cross, Back cross, Codominance, Incomplete dominance
- Sex-linked inheritance (color blindness, hemophilia)
- Genetic disorders: Down syndrome (Trisomy 21), Turner (45,X), Klinefelter (47,XXY)
- DNA structure (Watson-Crick model), Replication, Transcription, Translation
- Human genome project, DNA fingerprinting, PCR
2. Human Physiology:
- Digestive system: enzymes, absorption, liver functions
- Respiratory: gas exchange, oxygen dissociation curve, lung volumes
- Circulatory: heart structure (4 chambers), cardiac cycle, ECG
- Excretory: nephron structure, urine formation, dialysis
- Nervous: neuron structure, action potential, reflex arc, brain parts
- Endocrine: all hormones (source, function), feedback mechanisms
- Reproductive: menstrual cycle, fertilization, implantation, placenta
3. Plant Biology:
- Photosynthesis: Light reaction (PS I, PS II), Calvin cycle (C3, C4, CAM)
- Respiration: Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, ETS, ATP yield
- Plant hormones: Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene, ABA
- Reproduction in plants: Pollination, double fertilization, embryo development
4. Biotechnology:
- Restriction enzymes, Vectors (Plasmid), PCR, Gel electrophoresis
- Genetic engineering (insulin, Bt cotton, Golden rice)
- ELISA, Gene therapy, Molecular diagnostics
5. Ecology:
- Population attributes (natality, mortality, age pyramid)
- Ecological succession (primary, secondary)
- Nutrient cycling (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus)
- Biodiversity patterns (latitudinal gradient, species-area relationship)| Chapter | Avg Questions | Difficulty | Strategy |
|---|---|---|---|
| Electrostatics | 3-4 | Moderate | Master Coulomb's law, electric field, potential, capacitance |
| Current Electricity | 3-4 | Moderate | Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's laws, Wheatstone bridge, meter bridge |
| Magnetic Effects of Current | 3-4 | Moderate-Difficult | Biot-Savart, Ampere's law, force on charge/wire, torques |
| Electromagnetic Induction & AC | 2-3 | Moderate | Faraday's law, self/mutual induction, AC circuits, resonance |
| Optics (Ray & Wave) | 3-4 | Moderate | Lens/mirror formula, dispersion, interference, diffraction |
| Modern Physics (Dual Nature, Atoms, Nuclei) | 4-5 | Easy-Moderate | Photoelectric effect, Bohr model, mass-energy, radioactivity |
| Mechanics (Kinematics, Laws, Work-Energy) | 5-6 | Moderate | Newton's laws, projectiles, circular motion, collisions |
| Thermodynamics & KTG | 3-4 | Moderate | Laws of thermodynamics, Carnot engine, specific heat, gas laws |
| Oscillations & Waves | 2-3 | Moderate | SHM equations, sound waves, standing waves, resonance |
| Gravitation | 1-2 | Easy-Moderate | Orbital velocity, escape velocity, satellites, Kepler's laws |
| Semiconductor Electronics | 2-3 | Easy | Diodes, transistors, logic gates, truth tables |
─── Mechanics ───
v = u + at; s = ut + ½at²; v² = u² + 2as
Projectile range R = u²sin(2θ)/g; Max height H = u²sin²θ/(2g)
F = ma; W = Fs; KE = ½mv²; PE = mgh
p = mv; impulse J = Ft = Δp
Centripetal: a = v²/r; F = mv²/r
Moment of Inertia (solid sphere) = 2mR²/5
─── Electrostatics & Circuits ───
F = kq₁q₂/r²; E = F/q = kQ/r²; V = kQ/r
C = ε₀A/d; U = ½CV² = Q²/2C
V = IR; P = VI = I²R = V²/R
Series R: R_eq = R₁+R₂; Parallel: 1/R_eq = 1/R₁+1/R₂
─── Magnetic Effects ───
F = qvBsinθ; F = BILsinθ
B = μ₀nI (solenoid); B = μ₀I/(2πr) (straight wire)
Torque τ = NIABsinθ; M = NIA
─── Optics ───
1/v + 1/u = 1/f (mirror); 1/v - 1/u = 1/f (lens)
Power P = 1/f (diopter); m = -v/u (mirror), v/u (lens)
y_n = nλD/d (YDSE bright fringe)
μ = sin(i)/sin(r) (Snell's law)
─── Modern Physics ───
E = hf = hc/λ; KE_max = hf - φ
λ = h/mv (de Broglie)
E_n = -13.6/n² eV (Hydrogen)
ΔE = 13.6(1/n₁² - 1/n₂²) eV
E = mc²; N = N₀e^(-λt); t½ = 0.693/λ
─── Semiconductors ───
Truth tables for AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR gates
Depletion layer width varies with biasing| Section | Weightage | Approach | Key Books |
|---|---|---|---|
| Physical Chemistry (10-12 Q) | 40-48 marks | Formula-based; practice numerical problems daily | NCERT + N. Avasthi / O.P. Tandon |
| Organic Chemistry (16-18 Q) | 64-72 marks | Understand reaction mechanisms; name reactions are frequently asked | NCERT + M.S. Chouhan / Morrison & Boyd |
| Inorganic Chemistry (16-18 Q) | 64-72 marks | Largely factual; NCERT is sufficient; memorize well | NCERT is GOLD — read every line 5+ times |
─── Physical Chemistry (Must Master) ───
1. Atomic Structure: Bohr model, quantum numbers, orbitals
2. Chemical Bonding: VSEPR, hybridization (sp, sp2, sp3), MOT
3. Thermodynamics: ΔG = ΔH - TΔS; Hess's law; Carnot efficiency
4. Equilibrium: Le Chatelier's principle; Kp/Kc relation; pH calculations
5. Electrochemistry: Nernst equation; conductance; Faraday's laws
6. Solutions: Raoult's law; colligative properties; Van't Hoff factor
7. Chemical Kinetics: Rate law; Arrhenius equation; half-life formulas
8. Surface Chemistry: Adsorption isotherms (Freundlich, Langmuir); colloids
─── Organic Chemistry (Most Tested) ───
1. GOC (General Organic Chemistry): Inductive, resonance, hyperconjugation
2. Isomerism: Structural (chain, position, functional) + Stereoisomerism
3. Hydrocarbons: Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes — reactions, mechanisms
4. Name Reactions: Wurtz, Friedel-Crafts, Cannizzaro, Aldol, Grignard
5. Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers: Preparation, properties, reactions
6. Aldehydes & Ketones: Nucleophilic addition, reduction, oxidation
7. Carboxylic Acids & Derivatives: Esterification, amide formation, hydrolysis
8. Amines: Basicity order, preparation, reactions with nitrous acid
9. Biomolecules: Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins
10. Polymers: Addition, condensation; biodegradable polymers
─── Inorganic Chemistry (NCERT is Key) ───
1. Periodic Table: Trends in properties, anomalous behavior
2. Chemical Bonding: VSEPR theory, bond parameters
3. Coordination Compounds: IUPAC naming, isomerism, CFSE, VBT, CFT
4. p-Block: Group 15-18 elements; important compounds
5. d-Block & f-Block: Electronic config, oxidation states, catalytic properties
6. Metallurgy: Concentration, extraction (thermite, electrolysis), refining
7. Qualitative Analysis: Group reagents and tests| Subject | Book | Author | Purpose |
|---|---|---|---|
| Biology | NCERT Biology (Class 11 & 12) | NCERT | PRIMARY source — 80-90% questions from here |
| Biology | NCERT Exemplar | NCERT | Additional practice; some NEET questions come from here |
| Biology | Objective Biology | Trueman / GRB | Extra practice beyond NCERT |
| Physics | NCERT Physics (Class 11 & 12) | NCERT | Must read for concepts; theory is sufficient for many questions |
| Physics | Concepts of Physics | H.C. Verma | For concept building and practice; selected problems |
| Physics | NEET Physics | DC Pandey | NEET-specific problem practice |
| Chemistry | NCERT Chemistry (Class 11 & 12) | NCERT | PRIMARY source — covers 80%+ syllabus |
| Chemistry (Physical) | Physical Chemistry | N. Avasthi | Numerical practice for NEET level |
| Chemistry (Organic) | Organic Chemistry | M.S. Chouhan | Mechanism understanding + practice |
| Chemistry (Inorganic) | Concise Inorganic Chemistry | J.D. Lee (selected chapters) | For deeper understanding; NCERT first |
| Previous Year Papers | NEET 15-year solved papers | MTG / Arihant | Essential to understand pattern and practice |
| Mistake | Why It Hurts | What to Do Instead |
|---|---|---|
| Ignoring NCERT | 80-90% of Biology and 70% of Chemistry comes from NCERT | Read NCERT at least 5 times; highlight every fact |
| Not solving enough MCQs | NEET tests speed and pattern recognition | Solve 100+ MCQs per chapter; take weekly mock tests |
| Focusing only on one subject | All three subjects carry equal marks | Allocate time proportionally; do not neglect Physics or Chemistry |
| Starting new topics before exam | Creates anxiety and confusion | Last 1 month = ONLY revision and mock tests |
| Not analyzing mock tests | Repeated mistakes kill scores | After every mock: identify weak areas, note down mistakes, revise |
| Reading too many books | Confusion and lack of depth | Stick to NCERT + 1 reference book per subject |
| Poor time management in exam | Cannot attempt all 180 questions | Practice timed mock tests; stick to time allocation plan |
| Neglecting diagrams | Biology and Physics questions often involve diagrams | Practice drawing and labeling diagrams from NCERT |