Baby Care India Cheatsheet Cheatsheet

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Vaccination Schedule (NIS India)

Immunization

The National Immunization Schedule (NIS) under India's Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) provides free vaccines at government health centres, sub-centres, and Anganwadis. This schedule is recommended by the Government of India and aligned with WHO guidelines.

National Immunization Schedule — Birth to 12 Months

Age	Vaccine	Full Name	Dose	Given At (Free)	Protection Against
At Birth	BCG	Bacillus Calmette-Guérin	0.1 mL (intradermal, left arm)	Government hospital / PHC	Tuberculosis (severe forms: miliary TB, TB meningitis)
At Birth	OPV-0	Oral Polio Vaccine (Zero dose)	2 drops (oral)	Government hospital / PHC	Poliomyelitis (polio virus)
At Birth	Hepatitis B (Birth dose)	Hep B	0.5 mL (intramuscular)	Government hospital / PHC	Hepatitis B virus (must be within 24 hours of birth)
6 Weeks	OPV-1 + IPV-1	Oral Polio + Inactivated Polio	OPV: 2 drops + IPV: 0.5 mL	PHC / Anganwadi	Polio (both oral and injectable for better immunity)
6 Weeks	Pentavalent-1	DPT + Hep B + Hib	0.5 mL (intramuscular, thigh)	PHC / Anganwadi	Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae type b
6 Weeks	Rotavirus-1	Rotavirus vaccine	5 drops (oral)	PHC / Anganwadi	Rotavirus diarrhea (severe diarrhea and dehydration in infants)
10 Weeks	OPV-2 + IPV-2	Oral Polio + Inactivated Polio	OPV: 2 drops + IPV: 0.5 mL	PHC / Anganwadi	Polio (second dose)
10 Weeks	Pentavalent-2	DPT + Hep B + Hib	0.5 mL (intramuscular, thigh)	PHC / Anganwadi	Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Hepatitis B, Hib (second dose)
14 Weeks	OPV-3 + IPV-3	Oral Polio + Inactivated Polio	OPV: 2 drops + IPV: 0.5 mL	PHC / Anganwadi	Polio (third dose)
14 Weeks	Pentavalent-3	DPT + Hep B + Hib	0.5 mL (intramuscular, thigh)	PHC / Anganwadi	Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Hepatitis B, Hib (third dose)
14 Weeks	Rotavirus-2	Rotavirus vaccine	5 drops (oral)	PHC / Anganwadi	Rotavirus diarrhea (second dose)
9 Months	MR-1	Measles-Rubella	0.5 mL (subcutaneous, right arm)	PHC / Anganwadi	Measles and Rubella (first dose)
9 Months	Vitamin A (1st dose)	Vitamin A solution	1 mL (oral)	Anganwadi	Vitamin A deficiency, childhood blindness, immune support
12 Months (optional, private)	Hepatitis A	Hepatitis A vaccine	0.5 mL (intramuscular)	Private pediatrician	Hepatitis A virus (not in NIS but recommended by IAP)

Vaccines Recommended by IAP (Indian Academy of Pediatrics) — Additional

Vaccine	Age	Notes	Free or Paid
PCV (Pneumococcal Conjugate)	6, 10, 14 weeks	Now part of NIS in most states — prevents pneumonia, meningitis	Free (NIS) in many states, paid in some
Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine (TCV)	9-12 months	Single dose; now part of NIS in most states	Free (NIS) in most states
MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella)	9 months + 15 months	IAP recommends MMR instead of just MR (NIS provides MR)	Paid (private) — MR is free at government centres
Varicella (Chickenpox)	15 months	Single dose (or 2 doses if given after 13 years)	Paid (private)
Hepatitis A	12 months + 18 months	Two doses, 6 months apart	Paid (private)

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Tip:Carry your child's immunization card to EVERY doctor visit. Vaccines available free at government PHCs, sub-centres, and Anganwadis under UIP. If you miss a scheduled dose, consult your doctor — most vaccines can be given with a catch-up schedule. Do NOT skip vaccines.

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Breastfeeding & Formula Guide

Nutrition

The WHO and Government of India recommend exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months and continued breastfeeding along with complementary foods until 2 years of age or beyond. Breast milk is the gold standard for infant nutrition.

Breastfeeding — Quick Reference

Aspect	Details	Practical Tips
First Feed (Colostrum)	Within 1 hour of birth. Colostrum (“first milk”) is thick, yellowish, and packed with antibodies. It is often called “liquid gold.”	Insist on putting the baby to the breast within 30-60 minutes of birth. Even if the hospital staff says to wait, advocate for early initiation.
Frequency (0-3 months)	8-12 times per 24 hours (every 2-3 hours, including night feeds). Feed on demand, not on a schedule.	Watch for feeding cues: rooting (turning head toward breast), sucking on hands, lip smacking. Crying is a LATE hunger cue.
Frequency (3-6 months)	6-8 times per 24 hours. Some babies may sleep longer stretches at night (4-6 hours is normal at this age).	If baby is gaining weight and has 6+ wet diapers per day, you are producing enough milk.
Duration Per Feed	10-20 minutes per breast. Let baby finish one breast before switching. The hindmilk (end of feed) is richer in fat.	If baby falls asleep after 5 minutes, try breast compression or unlatch and relatch to wake them.
Signs Baby Is Getting Enough	6+ wet diapers/day, weight gain (150-200g/week in first 3 months), baby seems satisfied after feeds, baby is alert and active	Do NOT judge milk supply by how full breasts feel or how much you can pump (babies extract more efficiently than pumps).
Common Concerns	Sore nipples: check latch. Low supply: feed more frequently (demand = supply). Engorgement: feed frequently, cold compress between feeds.	See a lactation consultant if pain persists beyond the first week. Most breastfeeding problems are solvable with the right support.

When Formula Is Needed

Situation	Guidance	Important Notes
Mother cannot breastfeed (medical reasons)	HIV positive (in India, if on ART and viral load undetectable, breastfeeding may be allowed — consult doctor), severe illness, certain medications	Always consult your doctor before stopping breastfeeding. Most medications are compatible with breastfeeding.
Insufficient milk supply	First, try: more frequent feeds, skin-to-skin contact, adequate hydration and nutrition for mother, lactation support	True low supply is rare. Most perceived low supply is normal baby behavior. If supplementation is needed, use a supplemental nursing system (SNS) to maintain breastfeeding.
Working mother returning to job	Express breast milk using a breast pump. Store in refrigerator (up to 4 hours at room temp, 3 days in fridge at 4°C, 6 months in freezer)	India's Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act 2017 mandates creche facilities in establishments with 50+ employees. Employers must provide nursing breaks.
Formula Types Available in India	Stage 1 (0-6 months): Lactogen 1, Nan Pro 1, Similac Advance 1, Dexolac 1. Stage 2 (6-12 months): follow-up formulas with iron and additional nutrients.	Always use formula appropriate for the age. NEVER dilute formula more than instructed — this causes malnutrition. NEVER use cow/buffalo milk before 12 months (too hard to digest, risk of infection).
Preparation	Use boiled and cooled water (sterilized). Follow the scoop-to-water ratio EXACTLY on the tin. Do NOT add sugar, honey, or anything else.	Discard unused formula after 1 hour at room temperature. Sterilize bottles and nipples after every use. Glass bottles are easier to sterilize than plastic.

Breastfeeding Diet for Indian Mothers

HydrationDrink 8-12 glasses of water/day. Drink a glass of water before every feed. Include: milk, buttermilk, coconut water, dal water.

CaloriesBreastfeeding burns ~500 extra calories/day. Do NOT diet while breastfeeding. Eat balanced meals with extra protein (dal, paneer, eggs, fish, chicken).

Galactagogues (Milk Boosters)Traditional Indian foods believed to boost supply: garlic (lahsun), fenugreek (methi), fennel (saunf), cumin (jeera), ajwain, oats, gond laddu, dry fruit laddu. Limited scientific evidence but safe and nutritious.

Foods To LimitExcess caffeine (limit to 2 cups/day), very spicy food (if baby seems fussy), alcohol (avoid or express and discard for 2 hours after drinking).

SupplementsContinue iron and calcium tablets as prescribed by doctor. Vitamin D supplement for exclusively breastfed babies (as recommended by pediatrician). Daily 60mg iron + 500mcg folic acid for 6 months post-delivery.

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Honey Warning:NEVER give honey to a baby under 12 months — it can cause infant botulism (a serious, potentially fatal illness). Also avoid cow's milk, buffalo milk, raw eggs, nuts (choking hazard), and whole grapes until appropriate age.

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Safe Sleeping Position

Safety

Unsafe sleep is a leading cause of infant mortality worldwide. The AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics) and Indian Academy of Pediatrics recommend specific safe sleep practices that reduce the risk of SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) and accidental suffocation.

Safe Sleep Guidelines

Guideline	Details	Why It Matters
ALWAYS Place Baby on Back	Every sleep — naps and nighttime. Side sleeping is NOT safe. Back sleeping is the ONLY safe position.	Stomach sleeping increases SIDS risk by 2-13x. Babies cannot lift their heads to breathe if face-down on a soft surface.
Firm, Flat Sleep Surface	Use a firm mattress with a fitted sheet. NO soft mattresses, pillows, quilts, or sheepskin under the baby.	Soft surfaces can cause the baby's face to sink in, blocking the airway. The mattress should not indent when the baby lies on it.
Empty Crib / Bassinet	No pillows, blankets, stuffed toys, bumpers, or loose bedding in the sleep area.	Soft objects can cover the baby's face and cause suffocation. 3x more babies die from suffocation than SIDS in India.
Room Sharing (Same Room, Separate Bed)	Baby should sleep in the same room as parents for at least the first 6 months (ideally 12 months) — but on a SEPARATE surface.	Room sharing reduces SIDS risk by up to 50%. But bed-sharing increases suffocation risk significantly.
NO Bed-Sharing (Co-Sleeping)	Never sleep with the baby on the same bed, sofa, or armchair. This includes falling asleep while feeding on the bed.	Bed-sharing is the single largest risk factor for infant suffocation in India. If you are extremely tired, feed sitting up in a chair and put baby back in the crib.
Breastfeeding	Breastfeeding reduces SIDS risk by ~50%. Even partial breastfeeding helps.	Breastfed babies wake more easily from deep sleep (which is protective against SIDS).
Pacifier at Sleep Time	Offer a pacifier at nap time and bedtime (after breastfeeding is well-established, around 3-4 weeks).	Pacifier use during sleep reduces SIDS risk by 30-50%. If baby rejects it, do not force it.
No Smoking Near Baby	Do not let anyone smoke around the baby or in the house. Smoke particles remain on clothes and surfaces.	Exposure to smoke (even third-hand on clothes) doubles the risk of SIDS.
Appropriate Temperature	Dress baby in one more layer than you would wear. Do NOT overdress. Room temperature: 20-22°C (68-72°F).	Overheating increases SIDS risk. Check: baby should feel warm, not hot. Back of neck should feel comfortable, not sweaty.
Tummy Time When Awake	Supervised tummy time for 10-15 minutes, 2-3 times per day, starting from birth.	Tummy time strengthens neck, shoulder, and arm muscles. It also prevents flat head (positional plagiocephaly) from back sleeping.

Indian Context — Specific Risks

Special Considerations for Indian Families

Family Bed-Sharing CultureJoint families in India often share beds. While culturally normal, it is dangerous for babies. If the family insists on same-room sleeping, use a separate bassinet or a bedside co-sleeper attached to the parents' bed.

Traditional Practice: Oil Massage + SleepMany families give an oil massage and then put the baby to sleep on the stomach. The stomach sleeping after massage is dangerous. Always put the baby on their BACK after any activity.

SwaddlingSwaddling is traditional in India (poti/lapath). Safe if: baby is on back, swaddle is snug around chest but LOOSE around hips (hip dysplasia risk), swaddle is NOT too thick (overheating), and swaddling stops when baby shows signs of rolling (2-3 months).

Mosquito NetsUse mosquito nets over the crib but ensure they are SECURELY TIED and cannot fall on the baby. The net should not touch the baby's face. Avoid applying mosquito repellent directly on baby under 2 months.

Ceiling Fans / ACIt is SAFE to use a ceiling fan or AC with the baby in the room. In fact, moderate air circulation reduces SIDS risk. Just ensure the temperature is comfortable (20-22°C for AC, not too cold).

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Fatal Danger: NEVER fall asleep with your baby on your chest (on a sofa or bed). This is one of the most common causes of infant suffocation in India. If you are breastfeeding in bed and feel drowsy, put the baby in the crib FIRST, then go to sleep.

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Milestones 0-12 Months

Development

Every baby develops at their own pace, but knowing the typical milestones helps you track progress and identify potential concerns early. The milestones below are based on WHO and Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP) guidelines.

Motor Development Milestones

Age	Gross Motor	Fine Motor	Red Flags (See Doctor If...)
1-2 Months	Lifts head slightly when on tummy; moves arms and legs; holds head up briefly	Grasps objects placed in hand (palmar grasp); hands are mostly fisted	Not lifting head at all by 2 months; no response to loud sounds; not feeding properly
3-4 Months	Holds head steady without support; pushes up on arms during tummy time; rolls from tummy to back (by 4-5 months)	Opens hands; bats at objects; brings hands to mouth; holds a rattle briefly	Not holding head up by 4 months; not reaching for objects; no social smile
5-6 Months	Rolls both directions (tummy to back, back to tummy); sits with support; bears weight on legs when held upright	Reaches for and grabs objects; transfers objects between hands; raking grasp	Not rolling by 6 months; not sitting with support by 6 months; no babbling
7-8 Months	Sits without support; gets into sitting position; crawls (some babies skip crawling and go straight to standing)	Uses pincer grasp (thumb and index finger); bangs objects together; passes objects from one hand to another	Not sitting without support by 8 months; not bearing weight on legs; no interest in objects
9-10 Months	Pulls to stand; cruises along furniture; may take first steps with support	Picks up small objects with pincer grasp; points with index finger; drops objects intentionally	Not pulling to stand by 10 months; not using pincer grasp; no gestures (waving, pointing)
11-12 Months	Stands alone briefly; may walk independently; walks holding furniture or one hand	Puts objects in a container; takes them out; turns pages of a board book; scribbles	Not walking with support by 12 months; not babbling consonant sounds (ba-ba, da-da, ma-ma)

Language & Social-Emotional Milestones

Age	Language / Communication	Social / Emotional	Cognitive
0-2 Months	Makes cooing sounds (“ahhh,” “ohhh”); cries to communicate needs; startles at loud sounds	Social smile (2 months); calms when picked up; watches faces intently; prefers parent's face	Follows moving objects with eyes; recognizes parent's voice and smell
3-4 Months	Babbling begins (“ba-ba,” “ga-ga”); responds to sounds; turns head toward sound source	Laughs out loud; smiles spontaneously; shows excitement by waving arms and legs; begins to imitate facial expressions	Reaches for dangling objects; discovers hands and feet; mouth exploration begins
5-6 Months	Babbling with intonation (sounds like conversation); responds to name; strings vowels together	Recognizes familiar faces; shows stranger anxiety; enjoys peek-a-boo; responds to emotions in others	Looks at things that fall; explores objects by mouthing; passes objects hand to hand
7-9 Months	Responds to simple commands (“no,” “come”); babbles with consonants; says “mama” “dada” (nonspecific)	Separation anxiety peaks; clings to primary caregiver; shy with strangers; enjoys mirror play	Understands object permanence (knows things exist even when hidden); looks for dropped objects
10-12 Months	Says 1-3 words with meaning; uses gestures (pointing, waving bye-bye); responds to “give me” “come here”	Copies gestures (clapping, waving); shows affection (hugs, kisses); shows preferences for people and toys	Finds hidden objects easily; looks at pictures in books; puts things in containers; follows one-step directions with gestures

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Important:Milestones are GUIDELINES, not deadlines. Some babies reach milestones earlier, some later. Premature babies (born before 37 weeks) should be assessed using their “adjusted age” (chronological age minus weeks premature). Consult your pediatrician if your child is more than 2-3 months behind in any area. Early intervention makes a massive difference.

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When to Call the Doctor

Emergency Signs

Knowing when to seek medical help can save your baby's life. Below are clear guidelines for emergency situations vs. situations that can wait for a regular appointment. When in doubt, always call your doctor.

IMMEDIATE Medical Attention Required (Go to Hospital / Call 108)

Sign / Symptom	What To Look For	Possible Cause	Action
Fever Above 100.4°F (38°C) in Baby Under 3 Months	Any fever in a baby under 3 months is a medical emergency. Take rectal temperature (most accurate).	Serious bacterial infection, meningitis, UTI	Go to hospital IMMEDIATELY. Do NOT give any medication. Do NOT wait.
Breathing Difficulty	Fast breathing (more than 60 breaths/minute), grunting, flaring nostrils, chest retractions (skin pulling between ribs), blue lips/face	Pneumonia, bronchiolitis, choking, asthma (rare in infants)	Call 108 or go to hospital IMMEDIATELY. Keep baby upright. Do NOT put anything in mouth.
Refusing to Feed / Dehydration	Baby has not had a wet diaper in 6+ hours; dry mouth; sunken fontanelle (soft spot on head); no tears when crying; lethargic	Dehydration from diarrhea, vomiting, fever, or infection	Go to doctor TODAY. If baby is extremely lethargic or unresponsive, go to hospital immediately.
Seizures / Convulsions	Stiffening of body, jerking movements, eyes rolling back, unresponsiveness. Can be subtle (just staring, lip smacking).	Fever (febrile seizure), infection, electrolyte imbalance, epilepsy	Call 108. Time the seizure. Do NOT put anything in baby's mouth. Turn baby on side. Do NOT restrain.
Excessive Crying (Inconsolable)	Crying for 3+ hours without relief; high-pitched scream; baby cannot be comforted by anything	Intussusception (bowel telescoping — common 3-6 months), ear infection, hair tourniquet, fracture	See doctor TODAY if crying is different from usual colic. Intussusception is a surgical emergency.
Umbilical Cord / Skin Infection	Red, swollen, smelly discharge from umbilical stump; red streaks on skin; pus from any wound	Bacterial infection (omphalitis), cellulitis, sepsis	See doctor TODAY. Umbilical infections can become life-threatening quickly in newborns.
Bulging Fontanelle	The soft spot on top of the head is abnormally swollen/tense (feels tight like a drum); may be accompanied by fever, vomiting, lethargy	Meningitis, increased intracranial pressure, hydrocephalus	Go to hospital IMMEDIATELY. This is a medical emergency.
Pale, Blue, or Mottled Skin	Baby looks pale, bluish (especially lips and fingertips), or skin has a marbled/lace-like pattern	Lack of oxygen, heart problem, severe infection, shock	Call 108 IMMEDIATELY.

See Doctor Within 24 Hours (Not Emergency, But Urgent)

Sign / Symptom	Details	What To Do
Fever 100.4-102°F in Baby 3-6 Months	Fever is the body fighting infection, but needs evaluation in young babies	Paracetamol (15mg/kg) after doctor consultation. Do NOT give ibuprofen under 6 months. Sponge with lukewarm water.
Diarrhea (6+ watery stools/day)	Risk of dehydration; can be from viral infection, teething, food intolerance	Continue breastfeeding. Give ORS (Oral Rehydration Solution) — 50-100ml after every loose stool. See doctor if not improving in 24 hours.
Vomiting (Not Just Spitting Up)	Projectile vomiting; vomiting after every feed; vomiting with fever	Spitting up is normal (small amounts, effortless). Vomiting is forceful and repeated. If projectile, see doctor — may be pyloric stenosis.
Eye Discharge	Yellow/green discharge, stuck shut in the morning	Clean with warm water and cotton. Likely sticky eye (blocked tear duct) or conjunctivitis. See doctor if red, swollen, or not improving in 2 days.
Ear Pulling / Tugging	Baby frequently pulling at one or both ears; may be fussy; difficulty sleeping	Could be ear infection, teething, or just exploration. See doctor if accompanied by fever, drainage, or excessive crying.
Rash	Widespread rash, rash with fever, rash that does not blanch (turn white when pressed with a glass)	Non-blanching rash (petechiae) is a medical emergency — go to hospital. Other rashes: see doctor within 24 hours.

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Emergency Numbers (India):108 (Ambulance), 102 (Ambulance in some states), 104 (Health Helpline), ASHA worker at your nearest Anganwadi. Keep your pediatrician's number on speed dial. Save your nearest hospital's emergency number. In a real emergency, call 108 and go to the nearest hospital — do NOT wait for an appointment.

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Anganwadi & Govt Benefits

India Schemes

India has one of the world's largest child welfare programs. Understanding and utilizing these benefits can significantly reduce the financial burden of childcare and improve maternal and child health outcomes.

ICDS (Integrated Child Development Services) — Anganwadi

Service	What It Provides	Who Is Eligible	How To Access
Supplementary Nutrition	Hot cooked meals, take-home rations (THR) for children 6 months - 6 years, pregnant women, and lactating mothers	All children under 6, pregnant women, lactating mothers (up to 6 months after delivery)	Register at your nearest Anganwadi centre. ASHA/ANM will help with registration.
Immunization	All NIS vaccines free of cost (see Section 1)	All children under 2, pregnant women	Anganwadi workers coordinate with PHC for immunization days. Carry immunization card.
Growth Monitoring	Regular weight and height measurement to track growth; identify malnutrition early	All children under 6	Monthly measurement at Anganwadi. Growth chart maintained. Red flag if weight drops 2 lines on the chart.
Health Check-ups	Antenatal check-ups for pregnant women; post-natal check-ups; child health check-ups	Pregnant women, lactating mothers, children under 6	ANM (Auxiliary Nurse Midwife) visits Anganwadi regularly. Referral to PHC if needed.
Pre-School Education	Non-formal preschool education for children 3-6 years to prepare for school	Children 3-6 years	Daily 2-3 hour sessions at Anganwadi. Learning through play, songs, stories. Free.
Referral Services	Referral to PHC/CHC for malnourished children, sick children, high-risk pregnancies	Any child or mother needing medical attention	Anganwadi worker identifies and refers. Follow-up is done to ensure the patient received care.

Key Government Schemes for Mothers and Children

Scheme	Benefit	Eligibility	How To Apply
Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY)	5,000 INR in 3 installments for first live birth (conditional cash transfer for maternity benefit)	Pregnant women and lactating mothers (first child only); age 19+; not in regular government job	Register at Anganwadi or online (pmmvy-mpmvy.nic.in). Aadhaar + bank account + MCP card required.
Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY)	Cash incentive for institutional delivery: 1,400 INR (rural) / 1,000 INR (urban) for normal delivery; higher for C-section in some states	All pregnant women (focus on below poverty line and SC/ST); must deliver in government health facility	Register at PHC. ASHA worker helps with paper work. Amount transferred to bank account.
Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA)	Free comprehensive check-up on the 9th of every month for pregnant women at government health facilities	All pregnant women	Visit PHC/CHC on the 9th of any month. Includes blood tests, ultrasound, blood pressure, weight check.
Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana	Savings scheme for girl child; interest rate ~7.6% (2024); tax benefits under Section 80C; matures when girl turns 21	Girl child up to 10 years; one account per girl, max 2 accounts per family	Open at any post office or authorized bank. Min deposit: 250/year. Max: 1.5 lakh/year.
Poshan Abhiyaan	Nutrition mission; focus on reducing stunting, undernutrition, anemia among children and women	Children under 6, adolescent girls, pregnant women, lactating mothers	Services delivered through Anganwadi centres. Community-based events (Poshan Maah).
Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK)	Free screening for 4 Ds: Defects at birth, Diseases, Deficiencies, Development delays including disabilities	All children 0-18 years at government schools and Anganwadis	Mobile health teams visit Anganwadis and schools regularly. Free treatment and referral for identified conditions.

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Documents To Keep Ready: (1) Aadhaar card (mother and child), (2) Ration card / BPL card, (3) Bank passbook with IFSC, (4) Mother-Child Protection (MCP) card, (5) Immunization card. These are needed for almost every government scheme. Register at your nearest Anganwadi as soon as you know you are pregnant.

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Common Illnesses & Home Care

Health

Most common infant illnesses can be managed at home with basic care. However, knowing when home care is appropriate and when to seek medical help is critical. This section covers the most common illnesses in Indian infants under 12 months.

Common Illnesses — Home Care Guide

Illness	Symptoms	Home Care	See Doctor If...
Cold / Nasal Congestion	Stuffy/runny nose, sneezing, mild cough, mild fever (under 101°F/38.3°C)	Saline nasal drops (2-3 drops per nostril); breastfeed frequently (thin mucus); use a humidifier; elevate head while sleeping; nasal aspirator for mucus	Fever above 100.4°F in baby under 3 months; breathing difficulty; not feeding for 8+ hours; symptoms worsening after 5-7 days
Diarrhea	Frequent loose/watery stools (more than normal); may have mild fever; can cause diaper rash	Continue breastfeeding OR formula; give ORS after every loose stool (50-100ml for infants); zinc supplement (as prescribed); apply zinc oxide cream on diaper area	Blood or mucus in stool; not feeding; fewer than 4 wet diapers in 24 hours; vomiting with diarrhea; fever above 102°F; lasts more than 3 days
Diaper Rash	Red, irritated skin in diaper area; may have small bumps; baby is fussy during diaper changes	Change diaper frequently; clean with water (avoid wet wipes with fragrance); air dry before putting on new diaper; apply coconut oil, zinc oxide cream, or Himalaya diaper rash cream	Rash with blisters, pus, or open sores; not improving after 3 days of home treatment; spreads beyond diaper area; fever
Colic	Intense, inconsolable crying for 3+ hours per day, 3+ days per week (rule of three). Peaks at 6-8 weeks. Resolves by 3-4 months.	Hold baby skin-to-skin; try different feeding positions (burp frequently); gentle rocking; white noise; warm bath; colic holds; burp after every feed; if formula-fed, discuss formula change with doctor	Vomiting with crying; blood in stool; fever; baby is not gaining weight; crying is different from usual pattern
Teething	Drooling, gum swelling, irritability, mild fever (under 100°F), wanting to bite everything, disrupted sleep	Clean teether (chilled, not frozen); gentle gum massage with clean finger; cold washcloth to chew on; breastfeed more often; paracetamol (only with doctor advice)	Fever above 101°F (teething does NOT cause high fever); vomiting; diarrhea; rash; excessive crying that does not improve
Cradle Cap (Seborrheic Dermatitis)	Yellowish, greasy, scaly patches on scalp; may spread to eyebrows, behind ears; not itchy or painful for baby	Gentle massage with coconut oil or baby oil 15 minutes before bath; soft brush to loosen scales during bath; do NOT pick or scratch	Spreads to body; red, oozing, or bleeding; baby seems uncomfortable; not improving after several weeks
Thrush (Oral Candidiasis)	White patches on tongue and inside cheeks that do NOT wipe off (unlike milk residue); may make feeding painful	See doctor for antifungal drops (nystatin). Continue breastfeeding. Sterilize bottles, pacifiers, and pump parts. Mother may need treatment if breastfeeding.	Always see doctor for diagnosis. White patches that wipe off easily are just milk residue.
Fever (Mild: 100-101°F)	Warm forehead, baby may be fussy, flushed, feeding less than usual but still feeding	Light clothing; lukewarm sponge bath; breastfeed frequently; room temperature 20-22°C; paracetamol only after doctor consultation	Baby under 3 months with ANY fever; fever above 102°F; fever lasting more than 3 days; breathing difficulty; rash; lethargy; not feeding

Home Medicine Kit Essentials for Baby

Paracetamol Drops (Crocin/P-125)ONLY after doctor consultation for the correct dose. Dose: 15mg per kg body weight, every 4-6 hours. Max 4 doses/day. Do NOT use adult paracetamol.

ORS Packets (Electral / WHO-ORS)Dissolve one packet in 1 liter of boiled and cooled water. Give 50-100ml after every loose stool. Use within 24 hours. Essential for diarrhea.

Saline Nasal Drops (Nasoclear / Otrivin Baby)2-3 drops per nostril to clear congestion. Safe from birth. Use before feeds and before sleep.

Zinc Tablets/Syrup (as prescribed)Reduces diarrhea duration and severity. Give as prescribed by doctor for 10-14 days after a diarrhea episode.

Coconut OilFor baby massage, diaper rash, cradle cap, and dry skin. Natural, safe, and widely available in India.

Digital ThermometerRectal temperature is most accurate for babies under 3 months. Under-arm is acceptable for older babies. Forehead strips are NOT accurate.

Zinc Oxide Cream / Diaper Rash CreamApply with every diaper change for prevention and treatment. Himalaya, Sebamed, or Desitin brands.

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NEVER Give These To a Baby:(1) Ibuprofen before 6 months, (2) Aspirin (ever — risk of Reye's syndrome), (3) Any medication without doctor consultation, (4) Honey under 12 months (botulism risk), (5) Cow/buffalo milk before 12 months, (6) Any home remedies applied to eyes or ears, (7) Over-the-counter cough/cold syrups (not safe under 2 years).

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Postpartum Care for Mother

Maternal Health

The postpartum period (first 6 weeks after delivery, called the “puerperium”) is a critical time for the mother's physical and mental recovery. In India, traditional postpartum practices are widespread — some are beneficial, some are harmful. This section provides evidence-based guidance combined with cultural sensitivity.

Physical Recovery Timeline

Time After Delivery	What Is Normal	When To See Doctor
First 24 Hours	Heavy bleeding (lochia) like a heavy period; uterine cramps (afterpains, especially during breastfeeding); swelling; exhaustion; difficulty urinating	Bleeding soaks a pad in 15 minutes; severe headache; vision changes; difficulty breathing; leg swelling/pain (DVT risk)
Days 1-7	Lochia (bleeding) gradually decreases; breast engorgement begins as milk comes in; perineal pain (if vaginal delivery) or incision pain (if C-section)	Fever above 100.4°F; foul-smelling lochia; severe perineal pain; unable to urinate; C-section incision redness, swelling, or pus
Weeks 1-2	Bleeding becomes lighter and changes from red to pink/brown; milk supply establishes; night sweats common; hair loss begins (normal!); mood swings (baby blues)	Breast pain with red, hot, hard area (mastitis); bleeding increases instead of decreasing; extreme sadness, hopelessness, or intrusive thoughts (PPD)
Weeks 2-6	Lochia becomes white/yellow (lochia alba); uterus returns to normal size; energy gradually returns; hair loss peaks at ~3 months	Bleeding that starts again after stopping; pain during urination; wound not healing; persistent sadness or anxiety beyond 2 weeks

Postpartum Nutrition (Indian Context)

Nutrient	Why Important	Indian Food Sources	Daily Recommendation
Iron	Replenish blood loss from delivery; prevent anemia	Spinach (palak), beetroot, jaggery (gurh), pomegranate, dates (khajoor), rajma, chole, green leafy vegetables	60mg/day (continue iron tablets for 6 months post-delivery as prescribed)
Protein	Tissue repair; milk production; muscle recovery	Dal, paneer, eggs, chicken, fish, soybean, milk, curd, nuts, seeds (til, kaju, badam)	65-75g/day (extra 25g during breastfeeding)
Calcium	Bone health; milk production; prevents osteoporosis	Milk, curd, paneer, ragi (nachni), sesame seeds (til), amaranth (rajgira), green leafy vegetables	1,000mg/day (500mg calcium tablet + diet)
Fiber	Prevent constipation (common postpartum due to pain meds, reduced movement)	Whole wheat, oats, fruits, vegetables, isabgol (psyllium husk), prunes (sookh plum)	25-30g/day
Fluids	Milk production; prevent dehydration; help with constipation	Water (10-12 glasses/day), milk, buttermilk (chaas), coconut water, soups, dal water	3-3.5 liters/day

Traditional Indian Practices — Helpful vs Harmful

Evidence-Based Review of Common Practices

Helpful: Oil Massage (Malish)Evidence supports baby massage for growth, sleep, and mother-baby bonding. Use coconut, mustard, or sesame oil. Warm the oil slightly. Gentle, firm strokes. Avoid pressure on the spine. Good for mother too.

Helpful: Warm Foods / Ghee / AjwainTraditional postpartum foods (panjiri, dry fruit laddu, ghee, ajwain water) are calorie-dense, protein-rich, and help with recovery. These are nutritious choices.

Helpful: Rest and SupportThe 40-day confinement period has merit — the body needs time to recover. Accept help from family. Sleep when the baby sleeps. This is NOT laziness; it is recovery.

Harmful: Not Bathing for 40 DaysThere is NO medical reason to avoid bathing. In fact, hygiene is important for preventing infection (especially C-section wounds and perineal tears). Warm water baths are safe and recommended from Day 2-3.

Harmful: Heavy Abdominal Binding ImmediatelyMild support with a cotton cloth is fine. But extremely tight binding immediately after delivery can restrict breathing, slow healing, and increase infection risk. Consult your doctor before using a postpartum belt.

Harmful: Avoiding Certain Vegetables (Pumpkin, Gourds, etc.)There is NO scientific evidence that any vegetable causes harm during breastfeeding. Eat a balanced diet with all vegetables, fruits, and protein sources.

Harmful: Suppressing Emotional ExpressionPPD (Postpartum Depression) affects 10-20% of Indian mothers but is rarely discussed. "Just rest, you will be fine" is NOT adequate. If you feel persistently sad, anxious, or disconnected from your baby for more than 2 weeks, SEEK HELP.

Postpartum Mental Health — Warning Signs

Condition	Prevalence	Symptoms	Action
Baby Blues (Normal)	60-80% of mothers. Peaks around Day 3-5. Resolves by 2 weeks.	Mood swings, crying spells, irritability, feeling overwhelmed, anxiety about baby care	Support from family, rest, nutrition. Resolve on their own within 2 weeks.
Postpartum Depression (PPD)	10-20% of mothers. Can start any time in the first year.	Persistent sadness, loss of interest in baby, guilt (“I am a bad mother”), hopelessness, insomnia (even when baby sleeps), difficulty bonding, intrusive thoughts of harm	See a psychiatrist or psychologist IMMEDIATELY. PPD is TREATABLE. It is NOT weakness. It is a medical condition. Medication is safe during breastfeeding.
Postpartum Psychosis (Rare, Emergency)	1-2 per 1,000 births. Onset within first 2 weeks.	Hallucinations, delusions, severe confusion, extreme agitation, thoughts of harming self or baby, disorganized behavior	EMERGENCY. Go to hospital immediately. This is a psychiatric emergency. Requires immediate treatment. Mother and baby need to be in a safe environment.

💡

Postpartum Checkup: All mothers should have a postpartum checkup at 6 weeks after delivery (sooner if complications). This includes: blood pressure check, hemoglobin test, perineal/C-section wound check, breast examination, family planning counseling, and mental health screening. Register for this checkup at your PHC or with your gynecologist.

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Age

Vaccine

Full Name

Dose

Given At (Free)

Protection Against

At Birth

BCG

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin

0.1 mL (intradermal, left arm)

Government hospital / PHC

Tuberculosis (severe forms: miliary TB, TB meningitis)

At Birth

OPV-0

Oral Polio Vaccine (Zero dose)

2 drops (oral)

Government hospital / PHC

Poliomyelitis (polio virus)

At Birth

Hepatitis B (Birth dose)

Hep B

0.5 mL (intramuscular)

Government hospital / PHC

Hepatitis B virus (must be within 24 hours of birth)

6 Weeks

OPV-1 + IPV-1

Oral Polio + Inactivated Polio

OPV: 2 drops + IPV: 0.5 mL

PHC / Anganwadi

Polio (both oral and injectable for better immunity)

6 Weeks

Pentavalent-1

DPT + Hep B + Hib

0.5 mL (intramuscular, thigh)

PHC / Anganwadi

Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae type b

6 Weeks

Rotavirus-1

Rotavirus vaccine

5 drops (oral)

PHC / Anganwadi

Rotavirus diarrhea (severe diarrhea and dehydration in infants)

10 Weeks

OPV-2 + IPV-2

Oral Polio + Inactivated Polio

OPV: 2 drops + IPV: 0.5 mL

PHC / Anganwadi

Polio (second dose)

10 Weeks

Pentavalent-2

DPT + Hep B + Hib

0.5 mL (intramuscular, thigh)

PHC / Anganwadi

Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Hepatitis B, Hib (second dose)

14 Weeks

OPV-3 + IPV-3

Oral Polio + Inactivated Polio

OPV: 2 drops + IPV: 0.5 mL

PHC / Anganwadi

Polio (third dose)

14 Weeks

Pentavalent-3

DPT + Hep B + Hib

0.5 mL (intramuscular, thigh)

PHC / Anganwadi

Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Hepatitis B, Hib (third dose)

14 Weeks

Rotavirus-2

Rotavirus vaccine

5 drops (oral)

PHC / Anganwadi

Rotavirus diarrhea (second dose)

9 Months

MR-1

Measles-Rubella

0.5 mL (subcutaneous, right arm)

PHC / Anganwadi

Measles and Rubella (first dose)

9 Months

Vitamin A (1st dose)

Vitamin A solution

1 mL (oral)

Anganwadi

Vitamin A deficiency, childhood blindness, immune support

12 Months (optional, private)

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A vaccine

0.5 mL (intramuscular)

Private pediatrician

Hepatitis A virus (not in NIS but recommended by IAP)

Vaccine

Age

Notes

Free or Paid

PCV (Pneumococcal Conjugate)

6, 10, 14 weeks

Now part of NIS in most states — prevents pneumonia, meningitis

Free (NIS) in many states, paid in some

Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine (TCV)

9-12 months

Single dose; now part of NIS in most states

Free (NIS) in most states

MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella)

9 months + 15 months

IAP recommends MMR instead of just MR (NIS provides MR)

Paid (private) — MR is free at government centres

Varicella (Chickenpox)

15 months

Single dose (or 2 doses if given after 13 years)

Paid (private)

Hepatitis A

12 months + 18 months

Two doses, 6 months apart

Paid (private)

Aspect

Details

Practical Tips

First Feed (Colostrum)

Within 1 hour of birth. Colostrum (“first milk”) is thick, yellowish, and packed with antibodies. It is often called “liquid gold.”

Insist on putting the baby to the breast within 30-60 minutes of birth. Even if the hospital staff says to wait, advocate for early initiation.

Frequency (0-3 months)

8-12 times per 24 hours (every 2-3 hours, including night feeds). Feed on demand, not on a schedule.

Watch for feeding cues: rooting (turning head toward breast), sucking on hands, lip smacking. Crying is a LATE hunger cue.

Frequency (3-6 months)

6-8 times per 24 hours. Some babies may sleep longer stretches at night (4-6 hours is normal at this age).

If baby is gaining weight and has 6+ wet diapers per day, you are producing enough milk.

Duration Per Feed

10-20 minutes per breast. Let baby finish one breast before switching. The hindmilk (end of feed) is richer in fat.

If baby falls asleep after 5 minutes, try breast compression or unlatch and relatch to wake them.

Signs Baby Is Getting Enough

6+ wet diapers/day, weight gain (150-200g/week in first 3 months), baby seems satisfied after feeds, baby is alert and active

Do NOT judge milk supply by how full breasts feel or how much you can pump (babies extract more efficiently than pumps).

Common Concerns

Sore nipples: check latch. Low supply: feed more frequently (demand = supply). Engorgement: feed frequently, cold compress between feeds.

See a lactation consultant if pain persists beyond the first week. Most breastfeeding problems are solvable with the right support.

Situation

Guidance

Important Notes

Mother cannot breastfeed (medical reasons)

HIV positive (in India, if on ART and viral load undetectable, breastfeeding may be allowed — consult doctor), severe illness, certain medications

Always consult your doctor before stopping breastfeeding. Most medications are compatible with breastfeeding.

Insufficient milk supply

First, try: more frequent feeds, skin-to-skin contact, adequate hydration and nutrition for mother, lactation support

True low supply is rare. Most perceived low supply is normal baby behavior. If supplementation is needed, use a supplemental nursing system (SNS) to maintain breastfeeding.

Working mother returning to job

Express breast milk using a breast pump. Store in refrigerator (up to 4 hours at room temp, 3 days in fridge at 4°C, 6 months in freezer)

India's Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act 2017 mandates creche facilities in establishments with 50+ employees. Employers must provide nursing breaks.

Formula Types Available in India

Stage 1 (0-6 months): Lactogen 1, Nan Pro 1, Similac Advance 1, Dexolac 1. Stage 2 (6-12 months): follow-up formulas with iron and additional nutrients.

Always use formula appropriate for the age. NEVER dilute formula more than instructed — this causes malnutrition. NEVER use cow/buffalo milk before 12 months (too hard to digest, risk of infection).

Preparation

Use boiled and cooled water (sterilized). Follow the scoop-to-water ratio EXACTLY on the tin. Do NOT add sugar, honey, or anything else.

Discard unused formula after 1 hour at room temperature. Sterilize bottles and nipples after every use. Glass bottles are easier to sterilize than plastic.

Guideline

Details

Why It Matters

ALWAYS Place Baby on Back

Every sleep — naps and nighttime. Side sleeping is NOT safe. Back sleeping is the ONLY safe position.

Stomach sleeping increases SIDS risk by 2-13x. Babies cannot lift their heads to breathe if face-down on a soft surface.

Firm, Flat Sleep Surface

Use a firm mattress with a fitted sheet. NO soft mattresses, pillows, quilts, or sheepskin under the baby.

Soft surfaces can cause the baby's face to sink in, blocking the airway. The mattress should not indent when the baby lies on it.

Empty Crib / Bassinet

No pillows, blankets, stuffed toys, bumpers, or loose bedding in the sleep area.

Soft objects can cover the baby's face and cause suffocation. 3x more babies die from suffocation than SIDS in India.

Room Sharing (Same Room, Separate Bed)

Baby should sleep in the same room as parents for at least the first 6 months (ideally 12 months) — but on a SEPARATE surface.

Room sharing reduces SIDS risk by up to 50%. But bed-sharing increases suffocation risk significantly.

NO Bed-Sharing (Co-Sleeping)

Never sleep with the baby on the same bed, sofa, or armchair. This includes falling asleep while feeding on the bed.

Bed-sharing is the single largest risk factor for infant suffocation in India. If you are extremely tired, feed sitting up in a chair and put baby back in the crib.

Breastfeeding

Breastfeeding reduces SIDS risk by ~50%. Even partial breastfeeding helps.

Breastfed babies wake more easily from deep sleep (which is protective against SIDS).

Pacifier at Sleep Time

Offer a pacifier at nap time and bedtime (after breastfeeding is well-established, around 3-4 weeks).

Pacifier use during sleep reduces SIDS risk by 30-50%. If baby rejects it, do not force it.

No Smoking Near Baby

Do not let anyone smoke around the baby or in the house. Smoke particles remain on clothes and surfaces.

Exposure to smoke (even third-hand on clothes) doubles the risk of SIDS.

Appropriate Temperature

Dress baby in one more layer than you would wear. Do NOT overdress. Room temperature: 20-22°C (68-72°F).

Overheating increases SIDS risk. Check: baby should feel warm, not hot. Back of neck should feel comfortable, not sweaty.

Tummy Time When Awake

Supervised tummy time for 10-15 minutes, 2-3 times per day, starting from birth.

Tummy time strengthens neck, shoulder, and arm muscles. It also prevents flat head (positional plagiocephaly) from back sleeping.

Age

Gross Motor

Fine Motor

Red Flags (See Doctor If...)

1-2 Months

Lifts head slightly when on tummy; moves arms and legs; holds head up briefly

Grasps objects placed in hand (palmar grasp); hands are mostly fisted

Not lifting head at all by 2 months; no response to loud sounds; not feeding properly

3-4 Months

Holds head steady without support; pushes up on arms during tummy time; rolls from tummy to back (by 4-5 months)

Opens hands; bats at objects; brings hands to mouth; holds a rattle briefly

Not holding head up by 4 months; not reaching for objects; no social smile

5-6 Months

Rolls both directions (tummy to back, back to tummy); sits with support; bears weight on legs when held upright

Reaches for and grabs objects; transfers objects between hands; raking grasp

Not rolling by 6 months; not sitting with support by 6 months; no babbling

7-8 Months

Sits without support; gets into sitting position; crawls (some babies skip crawling and go straight to standing)

Uses pincer grasp (thumb and index finger); bangs objects together; passes objects from one hand to another

Not sitting without support by 8 months; not bearing weight on legs; no interest in objects

9-10 Months

Pulls to stand; cruises along furniture; may take first steps with support

Picks up small objects with pincer grasp; points with index finger; drops objects intentionally

Not pulling to stand by 10 months; not using pincer grasp; no gestures (waving, pointing)

11-12 Months

Stands alone briefly; may walk independently; walks holding furniture or one hand

Puts objects in a container; takes them out; turns pages of a board book; scribbles

Not walking with support by 12 months; not babbling consonant sounds (ba-ba, da-da, ma-ma)

Age

Language / Communication

Social / Emotional

Cognitive

0-2 Months

Makes cooing sounds (“ahhh,” “ohhh”); cries to communicate needs; startles at loud sounds

Social smile (2 months); calms when picked up; watches faces intently; prefers parent's face

Follows moving objects with eyes; recognizes parent's voice and smell

3-4 Months

Babbling begins (“ba-ba,” “ga-ga”); responds to sounds; turns head toward sound source

Laughs out loud; smiles spontaneously; shows excitement by waving arms and legs; begins to imitate facial expressions

Reaches for dangling objects; discovers hands and feet; mouth exploration begins

5-6 Months

Babbling with intonation (sounds like conversation); responds to name; strings vowels together

Recognizes familiar faces; shows stranger anxiety; enjoys peek-a-boo; responds to emotions in others

Looks at things that fall; explores objects by mouthing; passes objects hand to hand

7-9 Months

Responds to simple commands (“no,” “come”); babbles with consonants; says “mama” “dada” (nonspecific)

Separation anxiety peaks; clings to primary caregiver; shy with strangers; enjoys mirror play

Understands object permanence (knows things exist even when hidden); looks for dropped objects

10-12 Months

Says 1-3 words with meaning; uses gestures (pointing, waving bye-bye); responds to “give me” “come here”

Copies gestures (clapping, waving); shows affection (hugs, kisses); shows preferences for people and toys

Finds hidden objects easily; looks at pictures in books; puts things in containers; follows one-step directions with gestures

Sign / Symptom

What To Look For

Possible Cause

Action

Fever Above 100.4°F (38°C) in Baby Under 3 Months

Any fever in a baby under 3 months is a medical emergency. Take rectal temperature (most accurate).

Serious bacterial infection, meningitis, UTI

Go to hospital IMMEDIATELY. Do NOT give any medication. Do NOT wait.

Breathing Difficulty

Fast breathing (more than 60 breaths/minute), grunting, flaring nostrils, chest retractions (skin pulling between ribs), blue lips/face

Pneumonia, bronchiolitis, choking, asthma (rare in infants)

Call 108 or go to hospital IMMEDIATELY. Keep baby upright. Do NOT put anything in mouth.

Refusing to Feed / Dehydration

Baby has not had a wet diaper in 6+ hours; dry mouth; sunken fontanelle (soft spot on head); no tears when crying; lethargic

Dehydration from diarrhea, vomiting, fever, or infection

Go to doctor TODAY. If baby is extremely lethargic or unresponsive, go to hospital immediately.

Seizures / Convulsions

Stiffening of body, jerking movements, eyes rolling back, unresponsiveness. Can be subtle (just staring, lip smacking).

Fever (febrile seizure), infection, electrolyte imbalance, epilepsy

Call 108. Time the seizure. Do NOT put anything in baby's mouth. Turn baby on side. Do NOT restrain.

Excessive Crying (Inconsolable)

Crying for 3+ hours without relief; high-pitched scream; baby cannot be comforted by anything

Intussusception (bowel telescoping — common 3-6 months), ear infection, hair tourniquet, fracture

See doctor TODAY if crying is different from usual colic. Intussusception is a surgical emergency.

Umbilical Cord / Skin Infection

Red, swollen, smelly discharge from umbilical stump; red streaks on skin; pus from any wound

Bacterial infection (omphalitis), cellulitis, sepsis

See doctor TODAY. Umbilical infections can become life-threatening quickly in newborns.

Bulging Fontanelle

The soft spot on top of the head is abnormally swollen/tense (feels tight like a drum); may be accompanied by fever, vomiting, lethargy

Meningitis, increased intracranial pressure, hydrocephalus

Go to hospital IMMEDIATELY. This is a medical emergency.

Pale, Blue, or Mottled Skin

Baby looks pale, bluish (especially lips and fingertips), or skin has a marbled/lace-like pattern

Lack of oxygen, heart problem, severe infection, shock

Call 108 IMMEDIATELY.

Sign / Symptom

Details

What To Do

Fever 100.4-102°F in Baby 3-6 Months

Fever is the body fighting infection, but needs evaluation in young babies

Paracetamol (15mg/kg) after doctor consultation. Do NOT give ibuprofen under 6 months. Sponge with lukewarm water.

Diarrhea (6+ watery stools/day)

Risk of dehydration; can be from viral infection, teething, food intolerance

Continue breastfeeding. Give ORS (Oral Rehydration Solution) — 50-100ml after every loose stool. See doctor if not improving in 24 hours.

Vomiting (Not Just Spitting Up)

Projectile vomiting; vomiting after every feed; vomiting with fever

Spitting up is normal (small amounts, effortless). Vomiting is forceful and repeated. If projectile, see doctor — may be pyloric stenosis.

Eye Discharge

Yellow/green discharge, stuck shut in the morning

Clean with warm water and cotton. Likely sticky eye (blocked tear duct) or conjunctivitis. See doctor if red, swollen, or not improving in 2 days.

Ear Pulling / Tugging

Baby frequently pulling at one or both ears; may be fussy; difficulty sleeping

Could be ear infection, teething, or just exploration. See doctor if accompanied by fever, drainage, or excessive crying.

Rash

Widespread rash, rash with fever, rash that does not blanch (turn white when pressed with a glass)

Non-blanching rash (petechiae) is a medical emergency — go to hospital. Other rashes: see doctor within 24 hours.

Service

What It Provides

Who Is Eligible

How To Access

Supplementary Nutrition

Hot cooked meals, take-home rations (THR) for children 6 months - 6 years, pregnant women, and lactating mothers

All children under 6, pregnant women, lactating mothers (up to 6 months after delivery)

Immunization

All NIS vaccines free of cost (see Section 1)

All children under 2, pregnant women

Anganwadi workers coordinate with PHC for immunization days. Carry immunization card.

Growth Monitoring

Regular weight and height measurement to track growth; identify malnutrition early

All children under 6

Monthly measurement at Anganwadi. Growth chart maintained. Red flag if weight drops 2 lines on the chart.

Health Check-ups

Antenatal check-ups for pregnant women; post-natal check-ups; child health check-ups

Pregnant women, lactating mothers, children under 6

ANM (Auxiliary Nurse Midwife) visits Anganwadi regularly. Referral to PHC if needed.

Pre-School Education

Non-formal preschool education for children 3-6 years to prepare for school

Children 3-6 years

Daily 2-3 hour sessions at Anganwadi. Learning through play, songs, stories. Free.

Referral Services

Referral to PHC/CHC for malnourished children, sick children, high-risk pregnancies

Any child or mother needing medical attention

Anganwadi worker identifies and refers. Follow-up is done to ensure the patient received care.

Scheme

Benefit

Eligibility

How To Apply

Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY)

5,000 INR in 3 installments for first live birth (conditional cash transfer for maternity benefit)

Pregnant women and lactating mothers (first child only); age 19+; not in regular government job

Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY)

Cash incentive for institutional delivery: 1,400 INR (rural) / 1,000 INR (urban) for normal delivery; higher for C-section in some states

All pregnant women (focus on below poverty line and SC/ST); must deliver in government health facility

Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA)

Free comprehensive check-up on the 9th of every month for pregnant women at government health facilities

All pregnant women

Visit PHC/CHC on the 9th of any month. Includes blood tests, ultrasound, blood pressure, weight check.

Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana

Savings scheme for girl child; interest rate ~7.6% (2024); tax benefits under Section 80C; matures when girl turns 21

Girl child up to 10 years; one account per girl, max 2 accounts per family

Open at any post office or authorized bank. Min deposit: 250/year. Max: 1.5 lakh/year.

Poshan Abhiyaan

Nutrition mission; focus on reducing stunting, undernutrition, anemia among children and women

Children under 6, adolescent girls, pregnant women, lactating mothers

Services delivered through Anganwadi centres. Community-based events (Poshan Maah).

Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK)

Free screening for 4 Ds: Defects at birth, Diseases, Deficiencies, Development delays including disabilities

All children 0-18 years at government schools and Anganwadis

Mobile health teams visit Anganwadis and schools regularly. Free treatment and referral for identified conditions.

Illness

Symptoms

Home Care

See Doctor If...

Cold / Nasal Congestion

Stuffy/runny nose, sneezing, mild cough, mild fever (under 101°F/38.3°C)

Saline nasal drops (2-3 drops per nostril); breastfeed frequently (thin mucus); use a humidifier; elevate head while sleeping; nasal aspirator for mucus

Fever above 100.4°F in baby under 3 months; breathing difficulty; not feeding for 8+ hours; symptoms worsening after 5-7 days

Diarrhea

Frequent loose/watery stools (more than normal); may have mild fever; can cause diaper rash

Continue breastfeeding OR formula; give ORS after every loose stool (50-100ml for infants); zinc supplement (as prescribed); apply zinc oxide cream on diaper area

Blood or mucus in stool; not feeding; fewer than 4 wet diapers in 24 hours; vomiting with diarrhea; fever above 102°F; lasts more than 3 days

Diaper Rash

Red, irritated skin in diaper area; may have small bumps; baby is fussy during diaper changes

Change diaper frequently; clean with water (avoid wet wipes with fragrance); air dry before putting on new diaper; apply coconut oil, zinc oxide cream, or Himalaya diaper rash cream

Rash with blisters, pus, or open sores; not improving after 3 days of home treatment; spreads beyond diaper area; fever

Colic

Intense, inconsolable crying for 3+ hours per day, 3+ days per week (rule of three). Peaks at 6-8 weeks. Resolves by 3-4 months.

Hold baby skin-to-skin; try different feeding positions (burp frequently); gentle rocking; white noise; warm bath; colic holds; burp after every feed; if formula-fed, discuss formula change with doctor

Vomiting with crying; blood in stool; fever; baby is not gaining weight; crying is different from usual pattern

Teething

Drooling, gum swelling, irritability, mild fever (under 100°F), wanting to bite everything, disrupted sleep

Clean teether (chilled, not frozen); gentle gum massage with clean finger; cold washcloth to chew on; breastfeed more often; paracetamol (only with doctor advice)

Fever above 101°F (teething does NOT cause high fever); vomiting; diarrhea; rash; excessive crying that does not improve

Cradle Cap (Seborrheic Dermatitis)

Yellowish, greasy, scaly patches on scalp; may spread to eyebrows, behind ears; not itchy or painful for baby

Gentle massage with coconut oil or baby oil 15 minutes before bath; soft brush to loosen scales during bath; do NOT pick or scratch

Spreads to body; red, oozing, or bleeding; baby seems uncomfortable; not improving after several weeks

Thrush (Oral Candidiasis)

White patches on tongue and inside cheeks that do NOT wipe off (unlike milk residue); may make feeding painful

See doctor for antifungal drops (nystatin). Continue breastfeeding. Sterilize bottles, pacifiers, and pump parts. Mother may need treatment if breastfeeding.

Always see doctor for diagnosis. White patches that wipe off easily are just milk residue.

Fever (Mild: 100-101°F)

Warm forehead, baby may be fussy, flushed, feeding less than usual but still feeding

Light clothing; lukewarm sponge bath; breastfeed frequently; room temperature 20-22°C; paracetamol only after doctor consultation

Baby under 3 months with ANY fever; fever above 102°F; fever lasting more than 3 days; breathing difficulty; rash; lethargy; not feeding

Time After Delivery

What Is Normal

When To See Doctor

First 24 Hours

Heavy bleeding (lochia) like a heavy period; uterine cramps (afterpains, especially during breastfeeding); swelling; exhaustion; difficulty urinating

Bleeding soaks a pad in 15 minutes; severe headache; vision changes; difficulty breathing; leg swelling/pain (DVT risk)

Days 1-7

Lochia (bleeding) gradually decreases; breast engorgement begins as milk comes in; perineal pain (if vaginal delivery) or incision pain (if C-section)

Fever above 100.4°F; foul-smelling lochia; severe perineal pain; unable to urinate; C-section incision redness, swelling, or pus

Weeks 1-2

Bleeding becomes lighter and changes from red to pink/brown; milk supply establishes; night sweats common; hair loss begins (normal!); mood swings (baby blues)

Breast pain with red, hot, hard area (mastitis); bleeding increases instead of decreasing; extreme sadness, hopelessness, or intrusive thoughts (PPD)

Weeks 2-6

Lochia becomes white/yellow (lochia alba); uterus returns to normal size; energy gradually returns; hair loss peaks at ~3 months

Bleeding that starts again after stopping; pain during urination; wound not healing; persistent sadness or anxiety beyond 2 weeks

Nutrient

Why Important

Indian Food Sources

Daily Recommendation

Iron

Replenish blood loss from delivery; prevent anemia

Spinach (palak), beetroot, jaggery (gurh), pomegranate, dates (khajoor), rajma, chole, green leafy vegetables

60mg/day (continue iron tablets for 6 months post-delivery as prescribed)

Protein

Tissue repair; milk production; muscle recovery

Dal, paneer, eggs, chicken, fish, soybean, milk, curd, nuts, seeds (til, kaju, badam)

65-75g/day (extra 25g during breastfeeding)

Calcium

Bone health; milk production; prevents osteoporosis

Milk, curd, paneer, ragi (nachni), sesame seeds (til), amaranth (rajgira), green leafy vegetables

1,000mg/day (500mg calcium tablet + diet)

Fiber

Prevent constipation (common postpartum due to pain meds, reduced movement)

Whole wheat, oats, fruits, vegetables, isabgol (psyllium husk), prunes (sookh plum)

25-30g/day

Fluids

Milk production; prevent dehydration; help with constipation

Water (10-12 glasses/day), milk, buttermilk (chaas), coconut water, soups, dal water

3-3.5 liters/day

Condition

Prevalence

Symptoms

Action

Baby Blues (Normal)

60-80% of mothers. Peaks around Day 3-5. Resolves by 2 weeks.

Mood swings, crying spells, irritability, feeling overwhelmed, anxiety about baby care

Support from family, rest, nutrition. Resolve on their own within 2 weeks.

Postpartum Depression (PPD)

10-20% of mothers. Can start any time in the first year.

Persistent sadness, loss of interest in baby, guilt (“I am a bad mother”), hopelessness, insomnia (even when baby sleeps), difficulty bonding, intrusive thoughts of harm

See a psychiatrist or psychologist IMMEDIATELY. PPD is TREATABLE. It is NOT weakness. It is a medical condition. Medication is safe during breastfeeding.

Postpartum Psychosis (Rare, Emergency)

1-2 per 1,000 births. Onset within first 2 weeks.

Hallucinations, delusions, severe confusion, extreme agitation, thoughts of harming self or baby, disorganized behavior

EMERGENCY. Go to hospital immediately. This is a psychiatric emergency. Requires immediate treatment. Mother and baby need to be in a safe environment.