The Ultimate Selenium Cheatsheet

import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.*;
import java.time.Duration;

public class SeleniumSetup {

    // ── Basic WebDriver Setup (Chrome) ──
    public static WebDriver createDriver() {
        ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
        options.addArguments("--headless=new");
        options.addArguments("--no-sandbox");
        options.addArguments("--disable-dev-shm-usage");
        options.addArguments("--window-size=1920,1080");
        options.addArguments("--disable-gpu");

        ChromeDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);
        driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(10));
        driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(30));
        driver.manage().window().maximize();
        return driver;
    }

    // ── Navigate & Basic Operations ──
    public static void basicOperations(WebDriver driver) {
        driver.get("https://example.com");

        String title = driver.getTitle();
        String currentUrl = driver.getCurrentUrl();
        String pageSource = driver.getPageSource();

        driver.navigate().to("https://example.com/page2");
        driver.navigate().back();
        driver.navigate().forward();
        driver.navigate().refresh();

        // Window management
        driver.manage().window().maximize();
        driver.manage().window().fullscreen();
        driver.manage().window().setSize(new Dimension(1920, 1080));
        driver.manage().window().setPosition(new Point(0, 0));

        // Cookies
        driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("name", "value"));
        Cookie cookie = driver.manage().getCookieNamed("name");
        driver.manage().deleteCookieNamed("name");
        driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();
    }
}

import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.interactions.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.*;

public class ActionsWaits {

    // ── Element Interactions ──
    public static void elementActions(WebDriver driver) {
        WebElement input = driver.findElement(By.id("search"));
        input.sendKeys("Selenium testing");
        input.clear();
        input.sendKeys(Keys.ENTER);

        WebElement button = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector(".submit-btn"));
        button.click();

        // Select dropdown
        Select dropdown = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id("country")));
        dropdown.selectByVisibleText("United States");
        dropdown.selectByValue("US");
        dropdown.selectByIndex(0);
        dropdown.deselectAll();
        dropdown.getOptions();
        dropdown.getFirstSelectedOption();

        // Checkbox / Radio
        WebElement checkbox = driver.findElement(By.id("agree"));
        checkbox.click();
        boolean isSelected = checkbox.isSelected();
        boolean isDisplayed = checkbox.isDisplayed();
        boolean isEnabled = checkbox.isEnabled();
    }

    // ── Advanced Actions ──
    public static void advancedActions(WebDriver driver) {
        Actions actions = new Actions(driver);

        // Hover
        WebElement menu = driver.findElement(By.id("nav-menu"));
        actions.moveToElement(menu).perform();

        // Drag and Drop
        WebElement source = driver.findElement(By.id("draggable"));
        WebElement target = driver.findElement(By.id("droppable"));
        actions.dragAndDrop(source, target).perform();

        // Click and Hold
        actions.clickAndHold(source).moveToElement(target).release().perform();

        // Double click
        actions.doubleClick(driver.findElement(By.id("item"))).perform();

        // Right click
        actions.contextClick(driver.findElement(By.id("item"))).perform();

        // Keyboard shortcuts
        actions.keyDown(Keys.CONTROL).sendKeys("a").sendKeys(Keys.DELETE)
               .keyUp(Keys.CONTROL).perform();
    }

    // ── Explicit Waits ──
    public static void explicitWaits(WebDriver driver) {
        WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));

        // Wait for element visible
        WebElement element = wait.until(
            ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(By.id("result"))
        );

        // Wait for element clickable
        WebElement btn = wait.until(
            ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(By.cssSelector(".submit"))
        );

        // Custom condition
        wait.until(d -> {
            WebElement el = d.findElement(By.id("status"));
            return el.getText().equals("Ready");
        });

        // Wait for alert
        wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent());
        driver.switchTo().alert().accept();
    }

    // ── Frames & Windows ──
    public static void framesWindows(WebDriver driver) {
        // Switch to frame
        driver.switchTo().frame("frameName");
        driver.switchTo().frame(0);  // by index
        driver.switchTo().frame(driver.findElement(By.id("iframe")));

        // Back to main content
        driver.switchTo().defaultContent();

        // Windows/Tabs
        String mainWindow = driver.getWindowHandle();
        driver.findElement(By.id("open-new")).click();
        for (String handle : driver.getWindowHandles()) {
            if (!handle.equals(mainWindow)) {
                driver.switchTo().window(handle);
                driver.close();
            }
        }
        driver.switchTo().window(mainWindow);
    }

    // ── JavaScript Execution ──
    public static void jsExecution(WebDriver driver) {
        JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;

        // Scroll
        js.executeScript("window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight)");

        // Click hidden element
        js.executeScript("arguments[0].click();", driver.findElement(By.id("hidden-btn")));

        // Get value
        String value = (String) js.executeScript("return document.title");

        // Highlight element
        js.executeScript(
            "arguments[0].style.border='3px solid red';",
            driver.findElement(By.id("target"))
        );
    }
}

// ── Page Object ──
public class LoginPage {

    private WebDriver driver;
    private WebDriverWait wait;

    // Locators
    private By emailInput = By.id("email");
    private By passwordInput = By.id("password");
    private By loginButton = By.cssSelector("button[type='submit']");
    private By errorMessage = By.className("error-message");
    private By forgotPassword = By.linkText("Forgot password?");

    public LoginPage(WebDriver driver) {
        this.driver = driver;
        this.wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));
        // Verify we are on the right page
        if (!driver.getCurrentUrl().contains("/login")) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Not on login page!");
        }
    }

    public LoginPage enterEmail(String email) {
        wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(emailInput))
            .sendKeys(email);
        return this;
    }

    public LoginPage enterPassword(String password) {
        wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(passwordInput))
            .sendKeys(password);
        return this;
    }

    public DashboardPage clickLogin() {
        wait.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(loginButton)).click();
        return new DashboardPage(driver);
    }

    public DashboardPage loginAs(String email, String password) {
        return enterEmail(email).enterPassword(password).clickLogin();
    }

    public String getErrorMessage() {
        return wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(errorMessage))
            .getText();
    }

    public ForgotPasswordPage clickForgotPassword() {
        driver.findElement(forgotPassword).click();
        return new ForgotPasswordPage(driver);
    }
}

// ── Test Using Page Object ──
public class LoginTest {
    private WebDriver driver;

    @Test
    public void testSuccessfulLogin() {
        LoginPage loginPage = new LoginPage(driver);
        DashboardPage dashboard = loginPage.loginAs("user@example.com", "password123");
        assertTrue(dashboard.isLoaded());
        assertEquals("Welcome, User!", dashboard.getWelcomeMessage());
    }

    @Test
    public void testInvalidLogin() {
        LoginPage loginPage = new LoginPage(driver);
        loginPage.loginAs("bad@example.com", "wrongpass");
        assertEquals("Invalid email or password.", loginPage.getErrorMessage());
    }
}